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BREEDING, TRAINING. 



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D O O^ S: 

Together with an easy and agreeable Method of 

Instructing all Breeds of Dogs in a great variety 

of Amusing and Useful Performances. 

KOLUDING THIRTY-CUB ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE DIFFEEENT 
BKE£US OF DOGS, FO£l'll)ALLY l>£SUitiB£U. 



By IHRA-TSrCIS BXJTLER, 

^nTBOR or xnB "Spanish teacbbr,-' "frkkch speaker," «dom 

rOUilCALLY DKSOKIBBD ASS ILLD^STUATED," £T0. 



FIFTH EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED, WITH AN 
1y^ iV^ APPENDIX. 



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Brooklyn, E. D. 
PUBLISHED BY D. S. HOLMES, 

89 FoDETH Street. 



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2^ 







Entered, according to Act of Congrets, in the year 1857, 

By FRANCIS BUTLER, 

.n the Clerk's Office, of tlie United States for the Southern 
District of New York. 



Copjrignt, 1877, by D. S. Holmes, 



z^f 



INTRODUCTION". 



Born a Poet, by instinct a Naturalist, and I)y 
profession a Pliilosopher, I offer no apology is 
introducing to you a series of Canine poems, 
descriptive of the varied types of Dogdoni ; 
tr;:sting that my delineations may prove both 
instructive and amusing to the reader, and 
profitable to the Author, 

FRANCIS BUTLER. 



PUBLISHER'S NOTICE. 



The Publisher trusts, in giving to the public this fifth edi- 
tion of the work of Francis Butler, deceased, that the addi- 
tions and embelishnients which he has spared neither pains 
uor expense to procure, will gratify the admirers of the sub- 
jects illustrated. Of the lute autlior of the work, it is use- 
less to speak. lie has been acknowledged, not only in this 
country, but in Europe, to be the best American authority 
on the subject he treats. Mr. Edward Jesse, Keeper of the 
Queens Park, London, in his "Anecdotes of Dogs," quotes 
from Mr. Butler's work as the best extaut. 



CONTENTS. 



PACK 

Iiitiodaciiou 12 

TlieDojr 18 

Origin of the Jifferen; breeds of Dogs 30 

Bi-oc(iiiig of Dogs 36 

Slnt8 ill lieat. Pupping and Pups 43 

Mauiigenieut aud 'rreatment of Dogs 57 

Teetliing, 'i'eetli. &c 71 

(.;io[ipiiig, Tailing, Dew- Claws 78 

Castration of Dogs. Spaying of Sluts 82 

Introductory remarks oh tlie Training of Dogs 87 

Down! Stop! Steady there 96 

Come in ! Keep in ! Goon! 98 

Sliaking hands ; right hand ; left hand; sitting up : standing 

up ; walking on tlie hind legs 103 

Fetching, Carrying, Seeking, Finding 105 

(.i-oing into and Fetching out of the water 109 

Going up stairs, Going down stairs, Kee[)ing out of doors, 

Staying in doors 115 

Jumping through a hoop, Over a stick, &c. Down dead! 

Stand fire! 118 

Steady! with meat on the Dog's nose. Meat in Lis mouth, 

not to lie eaten 122 

Fetching from the Store. Carrying to a given point 124 

Teacli your dog to call you at a regular hour 129 

To make tr'isty watch dogs and good ratters 132 

Ou the training of lighting-dogs 139 

Comparative virtues of Pointer and Setter 145 



8 CONTENTS. 

PAOS. 

Training and Breaking Pointers and Setters 150 

General remarks on diseases of dogs J 65 

Diseases of Dogs, Fits 170 

Distemper, Dianhoea, Constipation, Stoppage 177 

Mange 202 

Kabies, Hydropliobia 207 

Coughs, Colds, Asthma, Inflammation of the Lmigs 223 

Worms. . . : 228 

Rheumatism, Palsy, Paralysis 234 

Diseases of tlie Eye 2^2 

Diseases of the Ear 249 

Sprains, Dislocations, Fractures, Wounds, Swellings of the 

Neck and Throat. 254 

Sore Feet 264 

Illustrations described 2G7 

Practical Hints to owners 286 

Engravings— Bruno Frontispiece. 

Prince, Siberian Bloodhound JO 

St Bernard 22 

Newfoinidland 28 

Bloodhound 34 

Scotch Dcerhound 44 

Fo.xliouud 54 

Harrier 54 

Beagle 74 

English Greyhound 84 

Italian Greyliound 94 

Pointer 100 

Setter jjO 

Water Spaniel 120 

Cocker Spaniel 126 

King Charles' Spaniel 136 

Blenheim Spaniel 146 

Pointer 455 

Mastitl". 158 

Bull Dog 168 

Bull terrier , 178 



CONTENTS. 9 

PAOK. 

Eugiavings— l?!iick and Tan Terrier. (English) 184 

Scotch terrier 19Q 

Arctic Sled dog y]4 

I^squimaux Dog 208 

Shepherd Dog. (Scotcli) 220 

Poodle. 230 

Coach-dog 2 10 

Ciiinese Hairless Dog 2 ,'6 

'A'nriispit 256 

Png-dog 2G'2 

Monsfiel ^ or.) 



CONTENTS OF APPENDIX. 



»»» 

PAGS. 



Auecdotea of Dogs 289 

Canine Suicidea 323 

Pride of the Eorder 321 

Minos the learned dog ;jl7 

■Degorrah 3J8 

Disease of Dogs 3 j9 

Biave Duke 331 

Age of Dogs 372 

^'•-''■o 37(i 

T;ie Spitz 378 

Hydrophobia 379 

lUaedonna.Avith " i\Iingo.'' 386 

" Dagaiar" -with ''Oscar." 387 

The Great IJench Show 388 

IJoiies of tiie Canine Skeleton 392 

Glossary of Words.., 396 

Rules of the Keunel Club 400 

Kate 107 




GREAT 6IBERIAK BXOODHOUKD 



GREAT SIBERIAN BLOODHOUND. 

Of ancient birth, in form majestic, tall, 
\nd ri,<!:Iitly styled by BuQTon, kini^ of all ; 
Ilis rftren.L^tli and prowess dare the wolf and 

bear, 
A.nd fearless taunt the lion in his lair. 
In days of yore, in Rome he played his part, 
Ani furnished emblems for the sculptor's art ; 
His dariiii; Coats the cliisellcd block portrays ; 
Mis fani'.'sm-vives.whencriiMibling stone decays. 
VVheti sj^Iadiators mot in skill to vie, 
His noble form was seen expectant by ; 
In cjn-cious power, the meaner beasts be 

scorne I; 
Wi h anxious ra-ic, the rampant tijrcr warned; 
Trained to the fuhtanl ca^'cr 'or the fray, 
Dauntless, he rushes <»n his quiv'rin'jr prey, 
The palsie 1 victim struiji^Ics all in vam. 
The ;tnrp!e Hood his polislied ivories drain. 
Of late alone, h is bciMi t!^^ fact revealed, 
Th(i Qral mountains hail his home concealed ; 
For travellers, oft had fruitless sou<^ht to trace 
This noble scion, of the canine race. 
Now brought to light, his beauteous form we 

scan, 
And wonder when and whence his name began ; 
While legend, statue, verse, his deeds recall, 
Our voices echo " Crown him kins: of all." 




INTRODUCTION. 

As Doctors seldom agree, and the wisest Phi- 
losophers are occasionally deceived, it would 
indeed be somewhat surprising, should T, (a non- 
professional Dogmatist, possessing a very impar- 
feet knowledge of anatomy and chemistry), at 
least draw some crooked inferences, both from 
standard facts and from the results of my own 
personal experience. We are all more or less 
liable to error; but whilst the false conclusions 
of Philosophers are handed down to us as in- 
controvertible truths, none daring to contradict, 
I humbly request my readers to credit nothing 
from my pen, that may be in anywise revolting 
to their reason and common sense. Great men 
can write what they please, and it were the 
height of presumption to doubt the soundness 
of their arguments, or question the correctness 
of their conclusions. 

Buffon, (the celebrated French Naturalist)i 



INTRODUCTIOX. 13 

readily aocounts for the lack of harr on the 
Turkish dog, by presuming the stock to have 
Icconie degenerated by Mange or sonic oilier 
cutaneous disease, thus bequeathing bare pelts 
and scabby hides to all their future generation3. 
This sa:ne Baffon also states that the Shepherd- 
dog is the origin of the whole canine fraternity. 
Now I dare doubt the proof of either of tliese 
assertions : of the former, because, if a cutaneous 
disease were the cause of the absence of hair on 
the Turkish and other dogs, they would be tlie 
visible subjects of the contagion, whilst not 
only their hides, but their constitutions would 
be the sufferers ; whereas, they are less subject to 
Mange than the heavier clad. In the second place, 
what ground can there be for supposing that 
the Bull-dog, Greyhound, &c., are direct lineal 
descendant? of the Shepherd-dog, when there 
is as much difference even in the varied breeds 
of Shepherd-dogs, as between the Newfound- 
land and Pug 1 But these conclusions are con- 
sidered as undeniable facts. Why ? because 
the great Buffon says so. 

Youatt, an esteemed author on canine pathol- 
ogy, remarks : " T( is singular that the Grey- 
hound exhibits so little fower of scent; but 



14 INTRODUCTION. 

this is simply because he has never been taught 
to use it, or has been cruelly corrected, when he 
has attempted to exercise it." If this be fair 
reasoning, it might also appear logical to infer, 
that the offspring of animals, who had been 
broken from eating meat, or barking at night, 
would naturally inherit the particular teachings 
of their forefathers. 1 am willing to admit 
that talents to a certain extent may be heredit- 
ary, but the sudden annihilation of an instinct 
I could never believe, before I had rais. -i a 
litter or two of three-legged puppies, from a 
slut who had unfortunately lost a limb. 

The same author also states that it is only in 
England that the Shepherd-dog injures and 
worries the sheep. I can account for this as- 
sertion in no other way, than by supposing that 
the writer of it had not yet crossed the Chan- 
nel, or he might have returned with the 
impression that Paris Poodles all learn to dance. 
He also appears to take it for granted, that the 
relative weiglit of the brain is an unerring 
criterion of intellectual power ; and to illustrate 
his theory, he adds, that tlie brain of a man is a 
thirtieth of his entire weight, that of the 
Newfoundland, a sixtieth; of the Poodle, a 



INTRODUCTION. 15 

Imiidretli ; aad of the fero-^ioiis and stupid Bull- 
dog, only a tlires hundredth part of its entire 
weight. This may be true, but, as it docs 
not tally with my espericnce on the sub- 
ject of canine phrenology, I cannot corroborate 
such a conclusion : for instance, it would be 
difficult to prove to mc, that the offspring of a 
cross between the Bull- dog and Newfoundland 
would only have half the sense of a Newfound 
land, pure, any more than I can believe that 
the Newfoundland has two-fifths more of intel- 
lect than the Poodle. Besides, I have made 
many researches among canine skulls, and am 
rather inclined to award the premium of merit 
to quaMty than to quantity. Pliny, the great 
Historian, states that the King of Albania 
made Alexander a present of a Dog, to which 
the latter introduced Avild Boars and Bears. 
Of these the Dog took no notice, upon which 
Alexander ordered him to be killed for his 
cowardice. When the King of Albania hears 
of this, he sends Alexander another Dog, tell- 
ing him he should not make a trial with such 
hisvjnificant animals, but rather with a Lion or 
an Elephant. Alexander being much surprised, 
{a7id loell he might !) made immediate prepara- 



16 r.VTRODUCTIOM. 

tion fir a trial, and soon pawtlic Lion prostrate, 
with liis back broken. Then the Elephant was 
produced. The Dog maintained su.ch an in- 
j!:enioiis combat with the Elephant, that the 
latter ultimately came down with a crash, that 
made the earth tremble with the fall. In 
reference to this, Youattsays, that possibly the 
English l>ull-dog is the same breed. Only 
imagine, gent'e reader, an English Bull-dog 
breaking a Lion's back, and overcoming an 
Elephant in single combat. Now the largest 
English Mastiffs have been loosened on the 
Ijion in successive pairs, a id were annihilated in 
a twinkling. Pliny's Dog then must indeed 
have been a Rouser ! The effects of climate 
are now easily accounted for! What would 
Buffon's orlq'iiial Shepherd-dog have thought, 
had he witnessed the strength and prowess of 
his dauntless descendant? 

I do not quote these remarkable sayings of 
wonilorrul men, either as a critic or a fault 
finder, but to plead for mercy in advance in be- 
half of my unworthy self, should I, perchance, 
be accuse! of similar mis ippi-chensions. I 
trust, however, that by carefully keeping with- 
in the limits of my range, and avoiding the 



r" 



INTRODUCTION. 



17 



untathcmablc depths of metaphysical supposi- 
tions, I may somewhat ehicidate and simplify 
the mystified art of Dog-management, present- 
ing simple facts, free from incomprehensible 
technicalities, and in such alight, that thev may 
he understood, aad freely digested by the 
iwn-profcaaional. 




\ 




THE DOG. 



The Dog appears to be a native of erery cli 
mate : in the frigid regions of tiic North, under 
the burning sun of the Tropics, or in the more 
temperate climes , he is to be found the faitlifid 
associate, guardian and friend of man ; whilst, 
if we are to believe what everybody says, the 
most sagacious, knowing, tractable, learned and 
faithful, are common in every part of the habit- 
able globe. From the mammoth St. Bernard, 
down to the darling, dear, tiny, little lap-dog, 
no matter what breed, what cross, what size, 
what color, or what his peculiar properties or 
propensities, the favorite is considered by his 
owner, as knowing far more than the majority 
of other breeds- The St. Bernard has rendered 
himself famous, by his charitable feats in re 
lieviug snow-bound travellers ; the Newfound 



THE DOG. 19 

land by saving human beings from drowning ; 
tlio Poodle by his aptness in acquiring a hostoi 
amusing tricks and antics ; the rip:)rting Dog, 
by his services in the field, contributing both 
to the pleasure and profit of his master; the 
pet, (whatever may be his pedigree), for his 
almost incredible foresiglit, judgment, discre- 
tion, attention, cleanliness, &c.. in fine, to hear 
some people speak of their pets, one might be led 
tobelieve their dogs learned enough to instruct 
the whole family. I am only endeavoring to 
show by this, that the society of man, together 
with education and the force of habit, produce 
about the same effects on one breed as on the 
other. I am often asked which kind is the 
most easy to teach, and I am certainly una.ble 
to give any satisfactory answer. Wliilst almost 
every breed of dog has its peculiar character- 
istics, and is more apt at one branch of tuition 
than another, still, as a whole, I can scarcely 
admit that the honorable member from New- 
foundland, or the noble representative of St. 
Bernard, is more capable of instruction than 
the learned Poodle from Paris, or the thirsty 
Bloodhound of Cuba. By habits, education, 
^ood society and good manage:nent, they will 



20 THE DOG. 

all excel in their vained spheres, and will all 
be ooii=iiderc;l, (a^ no doabt they are), the most 
wonderful animals in the world. A largo 
handsome dog, or an elegant pet, is generally 
observed to be the most tractable, and gentle- 
manly animal. He receives a lesson at every 
step, his master or mistress is proud of him, he 
accompanies them around the house, and oft- 
times in their travels ; he must be introduced 
to a large circle of acquaintances, who are call- 
ed on to witness his performances, and testify 
to his merit. The pretty, little dog, in the 
house knows the varied habits and movements 
of the inmates, the hour to rise, and the hour of 
retirement ; breakfast, dinner and tea are sea- 
sons with which he is perfectly familiar ; in fact, 
he appears to understand a hundred things he 
never was taught ; whilst the poor beast of 
a watch-dog, at the end of his four foot chain, 
is justly accused of being one of the most untract- 
able, illiterate brutes in creation. Society, 
habit and example are the sole causes of this 
difference. Had the pet been on the chain, and 
the forlorn watch-dog inside, the reverse would 
have been the case. 



THE DOG. 21 

Some date the origin of the Dog to the 
Wolf, but as there is a vvidc dilTerencc l)oth in 
their physical coiistrtiotioii and intellectual 
capabilities, there is no foundation for such an 
insupportable theory. No • a dog is a dog, 
always has been, and ever will be. He differs 
widely in many respects from any other quad- 
ruped, surpassing them all in sagacity, intellectu- 
ality and fidelity. The elephant, the horse, tiie 
cow, the monkey, and others may portray evi- 
dent symptoms of instinctive reasoning, but the 
dog will absorb more instruction in one short 
hour, than the whole phalanx could digest in a 
week. He will learn where no lesson is given, 
and from knowledge thus acquired, he is fully 
competent to act as the tutor of others. With 
his wonderful performances, and disinterested 
fidelity, the whole world appear to be conver 
sant. A recapitulation of his varied feats 
would be a somewhat useless devotion of space, 
whilst to pass them over in utter silence, would 
be unjust in one, who is proud to acknowledge 
him his trustworthy friend. In various parts 
of the world, I have traced the peculiar 
characteristics of the canine race, and have 
found that they stand everywhere Dreeminent 



SAINT BERNARD DOG. 

Of tawny color, and of lion size, 

In muscle powerful, and by instinct wise, 

On his bold front, tiiere lurks no treach'rorui 

grin, 
Candor without, and honesty within ; 
The trusty Gruardian of the holy friar, 
Sleepless, he dozes, by the convent fire ; 
But roused to action, braves the frost and snow, 
To greet a fiiend, or face a daring loe. 
On barren peaks, abstemious monks grow fat, 
Feasting on strangers' charity at that ; 
Without a friend, e'en to a saint 't were hard. 
To brave the rigors of the bleak Bernard. 
From thi« huge mount, tl.e Dog derives his name; 
Some doubt his pedigree, but none his fame ; 
For strangers oft, when ice bedecks the ground, 
No friend to help in that drear region round ; 
With hunger perishing, and limbs congealed. 
To the chill grasp of death prepare to yield : 
When lo ! he comes ! the gallant Bruno hies I 
With food and cordial, e'er the traveller dies. 
Some may exclaim, " Can there a man be found. 
Who'd dream of bartering such a priceless 

hound ?" 
But then again. Lives there a monk so rash, ^ 
To lose a customer, who hands the cash ? 



24 



THE DOG. 



above all other animals in their astonishing 
powers of mental development — their disinter- 
ested fidelity and attachment to man. Under 
chastisement, neglect and starvation, they are 
still devoted to their master's will, and ready 
to perish by his side, rather than forsake him ; 
his companion by day, and his guard by night ; 
the author of his sports, the sharer of his toils, 
and ever in waiting to obey his commands. 
With all these qualifications, it must not be 
forarotten, that great talents either uncultivated 
or misdirected, may be, and often are, turned 
to very bad account. For this simple reason, 
" 7)ogf" is a bye-word among all nations, because, 
travel where you may, thousands of these poor 
brutes are either left to the tender mercies of 
unrestricted loaferdom, (consequently they are 
accused of transgressing laws which they were 
never taught to obey), or even with respectable 
owners in the majority of cases, they get no 
kind of instruction whatever ; it being gene- 
rally considered an all sufiicient virtue, should 
they happily succeed in waking up tlie family, 
two or three times in the night. If a dog 
should, however, chance to break loose, kill a 
dozen chickens, four ducks and a sheep, steal 



THE Doa. 26 

half a leg of mutton, and worry the cat, tear 
up the flower-beds, or play havoc with the 
clothes-line, ten to one but the general opinioc 
is, that he ought to be shot or got rid of im- 
mediately. Now I contend that he has done 
no more than might have bee.i expected, even 
from an uncivilized biped. It was nothing 
more than a perfectly natural impulse unre- 
strained. If we show a rat to a terrier, ai>d he 
refuse to seize him, we set him down as a 
cowardly beast ; but wo can either urge him to 
kill him, or teach him to respect him. He may 
not require excitement, but at any rate, he may 
be easily restrained. The greatest rat killer 
I ever owned, or ever saw, was my Bull-terrior 
dog Tiger, (whose Life and Adventures, lately 
published, may be worth the perusal of all ad- 
mirers of canine character). I <',ould leave him in 
a room shut up with half a dozen rats, running 
around him, and had t told him not to touch 
them, they were perfectly safe in his keeping ; 
but at a word, and in a few seconds he would 
annil)ilate thsm all. Were he ever so hungry, 
he would hold meat in his mouth, till I bid 
him swallow it ; he would obey a multitude ol 
commands, given in a whisper ; yea, a variety 



26 THE DOG. 

of SO called remarkable things could old Tiger 
do. Now, I am not aware that he was born 
with talents superior to his fellows, neither did 
he belong to a race the most renowned for their 
intellectuality, but he had his advantages. He 
was seldom out of my sight or hearing, and his 
progress afforded us mutual pleasure and satis- 
faction. During the seventeen years of his 
life, I seldom had any occasion to correct him 
with stripes ; he knew the expression of my 
countenance, and the sound of my voice too 
well to require it. So accustomed was I to 
the different intonations of his bark, that to 
me, it was nothing short of absolute speech. 
I repeat, I do not quote him as being naturally 
more gifted than his fellows, (although there is 
an equally marked difference of capacity in 
dogs as well as in men), since I have had many 
who profited equally, according to their advan- 
tages. I merely introduce his respected mem- 
ory, to prove to a demonstration that dogs are 
really worthy of respectful consideration, and 
will amply repay any reasonable trouble that 
may be bestowed on them ; whilst on the other 
hand, he who would deny his guardian the 



THE DOG. 



27 



privilege of a common school edncution, should 
be called to account for his shor^rsighted, and 
ci'ucl neeleot. 




J^^ 0A 



^'^^'^^i:^ 



NEWFOUNDLAND DOG. 

Of glossy black, in form and bearinff grand, 
.rhe noted Fisher-dog of Newfoundland ; 
Water his element, the sea his rest, 
Of all atnphil)ions, surely he's the best. 
Massive in limb, his organs well defined. 
His shaggy coat defies the stormy wind ; 
With dauntless foot, he stems the ocean spray, 
Nor foaming surge can check, his onward way. 
From North to South, a household word hia 

name. 
While East and West, re echo loud his fame ; 
His truthful looks with conlidence inspire 
The cradled infant and the aged Sire. 
'T were vain, in verse, his merits to relate ; 
A task, his virtues to exaggerate ; 
Playmate by day, and sentinel by night, 
The parents' guardian, and the boys' delight. 
The tempest rages, and the sea grows wild, 
The mother screams, " Who'll save my drown- 
ing child ?" 
The gallant Neptune dashes from the shore, 
And rescues him who sank to rise no more. 
The house in flames, or burglars breaking 

through ; 
Ho'U guard your purse, and rouse you quickly 

too ; 
In joy and sorrow, he's jour trusty friend, 
Honest and faithful, bribeless, to the end. 




ORIGIN OF THE DIFFERENT BREEDS 
OF DOGS. 



Tius is rather a Lard subject for a discourse; 
such is the diversity of opinion, in regard to 
tlie prime origin of the diflerent shades of 
Dogdom. There being nothino; more than an 
abnost imaginary circumstantial train of doubt- 
ful evidence, to substantiate a variety of suppo- 
sitions, we are left somewliat in the dark as to 
the peculiar varieties of the parent stock. From 
a Icngtliened experience in obtaining crosses of 
different breeds, and from a thousand instances 
I liave witnessed of the varied products of un- 
traceable mongrel stock ; from the incredible 
clianges which climate affects even on the same 
generation, I am inclined to believe that 
many breeds, now considered as genuine, might 
be again reproduced from opposite races. I 
believe this, because I have often proved it 



OKIGIN OF DIFFERENT BREEDS OF DOGS. 31 

There are, however, some races which bear 
more the impress of originality than others, 
both in their outward appearance, and in their 
instinctive propensities. The courage of the 
Bull-dog ; the ileetness and sight of the Grey- 
hound ; the game hunting attitudes of the 
Pointer ; the long curly ears of the Spaniel ; the 
peculiar drooping ears of the Hound. These 
and other examples of peculiarities of physical 
structure, and native properties, lead us to in- 
fer an originality of caste. But from these 
few only, which I have mentioned, what an in- 
finite variety may be propagated ! The Hound 
with a Spaniel, and the offspring crossed by 
a Pointer would certainly be running great 
risk of producing a Setter. The Setter thas 
formed, crossed by a Bulldog, might turn out 
some tolerable fair Terriers. Tims, by the 
blending of different stamps of animals, there 
is scarcely any limit to strange productions. 
Add to this, the effects of habit, diet and cli- 
mate, and it is easily conceived how every gen- 
eration is introduced to a novel canine race, of 
which our ancestors had never dreamed. An 
animal not only changes his appearance to suit 
the climate he may be called on to inhabit, but 



32 ORIGIN OF DIFFERENT BREEDS OF DOGS. 

moreover, his very instincts are forced into 
that particular channel, best adapted to the life 
he has to lead. Like man himself, he is in a 
great measure the creature of circumstances, 
and his peculiar attributes and acquirements 
dre to a cji-tiiii exteit hereditary, a^ well 
as his snub nose, curly ears, or spindle shanks. 
The eifects of climate on animals are really 
astonishing. Witness only the Merino sheep 
in Cuba ; the Norman horse in London ; com- 
pare the fur of the fox or rabbit in different 
latitudes, and you will be convinced what a 
variety of changes may be thus produced on the 
animal system. This, together with the con- 
stant introduction of new stock into almost 
every country, will account in a great measure 
for the numerous varieties and sub-varieties of 
the canine species. The breeds best known and 
most in use in this country, are the Pointer, 
Setter, Spaniel, Fox-hound, Beagle, Greyhound, 
Bull-dog, Bull-terrier, Scotch and English 
Terrier, Newfoundland, St. Bernard, Scotch 
and English Shcphtrd-dog, Poodle, &c. From 
these alone, only imagine what an endless 
transmogrification might be effected ! Some of 
these make good cross breeds, particularly the 



ORIGIN OF DIFFERENT BREEDS OF DOGS. 33 

St. Bernard and Newfoundland. This amalga- 
mation adds to the beauty of the St. Bernard, 
and to the size of the Newfoundland ; and, I 
think is the happiest mixture for an imposing 
and trustworthy family watch dog. Neverthe- 
less, as this is the only cross I care about, I 
shall not enlarge on the subject ; in other cases 
I prefer the pure stock, as far as it can be 
depended on, unless a cross be persisted in, un- 
til it turns out to suit one's purpose. Never- 
theless, a little Hound in the Pointer, a little 
Spaniel in the Setter, &c., if judgmatically 
infused, may serve to arouse the dormant 
energies of an out-bred stock, and impart new 
vigor to a novel procreation. In fact, no 
breed can be sustained, without an occasional 
sprinkle of foreign blood, except, at the risk of 
sacrificing health and strength, and of eventu- 
ally dwindling our chosen ones to perfect 
nonentities — weak, puny, lifeless, worthless. 




THE BLOODHOUND. 

Dreaded his name, for bloody deeds renowned, 
Once in old England, now in Cuba found. 
Ears broad and pendant, heavy drooping jowi ; 
Fearful his barii, and ominous his howl. 
Of color tawny, or of reddish tan, 
Sometimes the friend, yet oft' a foe to man ; 
Of nervous limb, witli teeth deep set and long, 
Disputes the mastery of the canine throng. 
The thiefs antipathy, the murderer's dread, 
He tracks their patiivvay, notes their every tread; 
On tireless foot aiid panting for the figiit, 
Trails tiie doomed fugitive, by day and night. 
And men there arc, who hire him by the day. 
To hunt the trembling Negro runaway ; [flood, 
Nor wood, nor swamp, nor brake, nor bursting 
Can dauut his ardent rage, for human blood ; 
award he speeds, low scenting on the ground, 
With deep and sonorous yell at every bound ; 
The race is o'er, the Bloodhound wins the day. 
His wreaking jaws in triumph seize the prey. 
His name a Ijyevvord " X fei-oc,ious brute." 
His vice constrained, inhuman brutes to suit. 
For thirsty blood lounds, if but rightly mann'd, 
Are kind and docile as the Newfoundland. 

To prove ray doctrine, I would here assert, 
Tlmt virtue's often vice if kept inert. 
That vice is virtue, when in duty fou.«4\ 
For who \rould prize a disobedleut hounl 1 




BREEDING OF DOGS. 



It is an old saying, and a true one : " Nothing 
like a jjood beginning." This proverb stands 
particularly staunch with regard to dogs. 
Without a sound start, we shall be often sub- 
ject to sore disappointments. When we con- 
sider the unsuitable amalgamations ; tiie 
interminable, and almost incomprehensible 
transmogrifications ; the oft trebly compounded 
admixtures, to which the canine race is con- 
tinually exposed, it should inspire us with 
somewhat of dithdence, in attempting to define 
the originality of stock, or in deciding on the 
purity of blood, simply from outward appear- 
ances. Breeds of dogs are continually under- 
going the varied changes of the kaleidoscope. 
When there may chance to be nine shades on 
the one side, and perhaps, thirteen on the other, 
it would be preposterous to inquire under what 



BREEDING OF POGS. 



37 



head to class the progeny. Certainly, they 
would be commonly termed mongrels ; but not 
more than three breeds at most, could be de- 
tected in their appearance ; whilst their 
peculiar characteristics could be named only 
after trial. It often happens, however, even 
from such an inscrutable compound as that 
above mentioned, that a dog of apparently 
pure stock may present himself. Hence we are 
often deceived. We get Pointers, that won't 
hunt ; Water Spaniels, that won't face the 
water; Newfoundlands intractable and savage ; 
Bull-dogs *that won't tight; Charley Spaniels 
with long noses ; Terriers with round heads ; 
in fine, a multitude of animals with irresponsi- 
ble hypocritical countenances, well calculated 
to subvert the judgment of a Buflbn, a Cuvier, 
or of Butler himself. 

I merely cite these examples, to show how 
careful we ought to be in the selection of 
Breeding-Stock. I have seen splendid Scotch 
Terriers from a Poodle ; magnificent Newfound- 
lands from a Foxhound ; beautiful Black and 
Tan Terriers from a Cocker Spaniel ; also three 
apparently distinct breeds in the same litter; 
and a host of almost incredible productions, 



88 iJRKEDING OP DOGS. 

too numerous to put in print. A peculiar 
breed will often leak out, froni generations back, 
tlius giving rise to the popular, yet mistaken 
notion, of a slut enclosing in her womb the 
offspring of various sires. This idea is not 
only against the laws of nature, but contrary 
to common sense and experience. One plain 
fact, (it appears to me), is sufficient to decide 
the question. A slut will be in full heat during 
10 or 20 days. Let us suppose then, that 
during that period, she has had intercourse 
with one or more males every day ; if her whelps 
were fathered l)y a variety of dogs, it is reason- 
able to suppose, (presuming them to arrive at 
the regular stage of embryo-perfection), that 
they would enter the world at periods, corres- 
ponding to the various times, when they were 
begotten ; therefore a slut, (one of the random 
kind), would be from 10 to 20 days in bringing 
forth her young, which I have hitherto not 
found to be the case. I have a record of some 
five or six hundred breeding sluts ; sixty hours 
has been the greatest variation of time, between 
copulation and parturition. Some, I have put 
to the same dog every day, from the first up to 
the twentieth day. Now, why did'ut they pup 



BREEDING OF DOGS. 39 

fit vnrious periods ? They were as likely to do 
it from one dog, as from a hundred ; but they 
iiave not averaged between the first born puppy 
and the last, perhaps over twelve hours. Then 
again, those who have for several consecutive 
days been subjected to the embraces of Pointer, 
Poodle and Pug, are just as regular in bring- 
ing forth, as others who liave been allowed one 
male alone. The diiference often discernablc 
in the same ^ainWy o^ jjure breeds, arises from 
some former and perhaps distant amalgamation 
of another race. In breeding then, I repeat 
be very cautious in the selection of your stock. 
Trace their pedigree, (if you can), tlicir 
qualities and their cliaracteristics ; aye, their 
manners and education ; their constitutions, 
pluck, endurance, &c. I cannot rid myself of 
tlie idea that even talents and acquirements are 
somewhat hereditary. The quail trembles at 
tlie tread of man, and with the very shell on 
liis back, hurries off affrighted at the sound of 
his footstep ; whilst the young turkey, or chick- 
en, (once wild as the quail), Avill become friend- 
ly in a few minutes : and in a few hours will 
follow a person about as his adopted parent. 
The steady habits of the parent stock have 



40 BREEDING OF DOGS. 

tlioroughl)^ transformed their instinctire en- 
dowments, and suited them to civilized life. 
Look at the tame rabbit, (a more apt illustra- 
tion), the young ones are comparativel)" tame, 
when they first run about : whilst those of the 
same stamp, if born in the woods, at the least 
sound, would bolt off like a shot, from under 
the very mother that bore them. Do not sup- 
pose, however, that you can get a learned puppy ; 
neither can absolute confidence be placed in 
hereditary endowments. I quote these exam- 
ples merely to endeavor to substantiate my 
impressions in regard to the superiority of 
educated stock. 

The next point to be considered is, the 
absolute Breeding. Authors are continually 
at variance as to the most appropriate ages for 
propagation. My own personal experience has 
not led me to fix on any definite period of 
canine development, as more particularly suit- 
able for procreation, except in as far as health 
nd vigor are concerned. If the dog and slut 
be perfectly healthy, and fully developed ; if 
they have lost none of their vigor ; if they be 
free from all taint of hereditary disease, stock 
may be safely relied on, from animals varying 



BREEDING OF DOGS. 41 

in age from eighteen months, to ciglit years ; 
and occasionally older. It is commonly sup- 
posed that the first litter is not good for much, 
I admit, there are cases, when the slut is in 
heat, before completing her growth, the pupa 
would not, perhaps, be as fine ; but as a gene- 
ral rule, Nature is the best indicator of pro- 
creative fitness. This, I really do believe, that 
doga bred from very young, uneducated stock, 
are much wilder and more difficult to control, 
than the offspring of riper years. See that 
your breeders are symmetrically built ; strong 
in tiie loins, good teeth, good coat, and well de- 
veloped limbs. Reject contracted chests, nar- 
row loins, decayed teeth, stinking breath, &c. 
Do not breed in, any more than can be avoided j 
it tells unhappy tales, and if persisted in, to 
any extent, deteriorates the constitution, 
weakens the intellectual powers, and gradually 
extinguishes every spark of healthful vigor. 
If you are particular about breeding from the 
same stock, that dog should be chosen who is 
living at the greatest distance from his mate. 
This will make an astonishing difference, ag 
climate, diet, habits and treatment contribute 
greatly towards a physical change. Witness 



42 



BREEDING OF DOGS. 



the same breed of dog, horse, cow, slieep, &c., 
under diiferent suns. If these causes work 
such a marKcd cliange, the principle must be 
carried out in the same ratio, in localities lC88 
distant, and climates less varyiog. 




MB. JOHN E. T. GKAINGER'S SETTER " NELLY" AND HEE PUPS, 
VALUED AT S5.000. 




SLUTS IN HEAT. PUPPING AND PUPS. 



One of the most important things in Breeding 
is, tlie absolute certainty that the female has 
not been tainted by forbidden suitors. Great 
caution is necessary during the copulative 
period, as both male and female are equally 
desirous of satisfying their lust at whatever 
risk. The slut then should be kept where no 
dog, (except the chosen one), can possibly ha^e 
access. Of this, the owner himself should be 
absolutely certain, as hirelings are often igno- 
rant and generally careless about the necessary 
precautions. The general idea is that the 
heated period is of nine days duration ; but 
this is by no means certain, as it differs widely 
in different subjects, varying from three some- 
times to twenty days ; perhaps the average 
may be nine or ten days. The female generally 
indicates its approach by a gradual expansion 



SCOTCH DEERHOUND. 

Full many a bard, his glorious feats has sung ; 
Full many a hall, his echoed praises rung ', 
Where trophied antlers o'er the feast preside, 
*" Bold Oscar coaching by famed Lufra's side. 
Most noble hound! of Scotia's lairds tlieboasti 
And highly prized on Albion's sportive coast I 
His brawny limb and wiry coat outvie 
The classic greyhound and the rougiiy Skye. 
In stature tall, imposing gait and mien, 
Near festive boards of Royalty is seen ; 
Bright piercing ken and scrutinizing eye, 
Cool, dauntless courage, that none dare defy ; 
His eagle glance, the distant game reviews, 
With lightning speed, the bounding stag pur- 

sues ; 
With bursting ardor, void of every fear, 
Impetuous rushes on the fated deer. 
O'er rock and chasm, he darts, the darin'i' hound, 
Nor ought arrests his bold and reckless bound; 
AVith fatal grasp, retains the destined prey, 
'J'iio' mortal wounds his prowess oft' repay. 
Maik well his joy, as home the prize tiiey besiTj 
His martial step, his proud victor, ous air ; 
By speaking gesture, glories in his name, 
And eyes exultingly the lifeless game. 



40 SLUTS IN II RAT. .tC. 

of tlic gonorntivc org-ans, from Avliich, (previous 
to her Vieinu: prepared lor the male) is observed 
to issue a bloody fluid, more particularly visible 
alter her haviug- lain still for a time. These 
preparatory symptoms are of more or less 
duration, in dilVerent subjects. I have known 
them to continue a month previous to a perfect 
develo[)mciit, and even then all communicatiou 
with the nu\le refused. Very rarely will the 
slut submit to the dog. till this has passed off; 
indeed it is not lit she should, as the organs are 
not yet thoroughly conditioned for copulation, 
and a favorable result cannot be anticipated. 
The fennvle should, more properly, be put to the 
male three or four days after she has ceased to 
bleed, as. at the outset, the womb is apt either 
to reject, or is unprepared to cherish the seed ; 
consequently early amalgamations often prove 
fruitless. Should she continue in heat, for 
several days, after having taken the male, it 
will be advisable to have the operation renew- 
ed, as the protracted expansive longing of the 
parts is apt to allow the evacuation of the 
semen. The female may be impregnated the 
lirst, second or third time, &,c., it is impossible 
(before pupping) to say which. It is also, iia- 



SLUTS m HEAT, AC. 47 

possible to know, for an absolute fact, (but ex- 
perience haa caused inc to believe from incon- 
trovertible circumstantial evidence), that what 
has been done, may be undone. For instance, 
should you put your slut to a dog, (who is con- 
sidered an excellent stock-getter), and she 
Bhould happen four or five days after to corae in 
contact with another male, it will very often 
happen that tlic second is the father of tho 
anticipated family. Tiiis of course, is proved 
by the day of the pupping. For this reason, I 
am not an advocate of oft-repeated < loses ; for, 
granting that it can be undone, it may be un- 
done without being replaced. Once may be 
equal to a dozen times, provided both be in a 
prepared and healthy state. I generally advise 
twice, missing two days between the operations ; 
especially, when we are not satisfied as to the 
time the female has been in full heat. Whilst 
I do not depend on it too early, I often fear lest 
it may be too late. It is not well to shut up 
the animals together, when it can be otherwise 
effected ; the male is apt to wear himself out 
uselessly, which diminishes, rather than adds to 
the prospect of an increase. In case of neces- 
sity, when there is a difference in height of the 



45 SLUTS IN HRAT, AC. 

two animals, a square board of sufficient size, 
may be used with two holes cut in it, to admit 
the legs of the slut (should she be the tallest ;) 
or for her to stand on, should she be the lowest. 
It may be raised to any height by placiug some- 
thing for the edges to bear on. Sluts intended 
for breeding should not bo kept too fat, neither 
when bearing ; in the first place, they are very 
apt to mi^s ; and in the second, to experience 
great difficulty and danger in bringing forth. 
Dogs too fat are also very indifferent and un- 
certain stock-getters. During pregnancy, 
grossness and excess of food should be 
particularly guarded against : especially with 
the more delicate breeds ; at the same time the 
animal should by no means be kei^t low. tood 
that is too strong for puppies is (^in delicate 
constitutions), too strong for beariiig-sluts. 
The mother is apt to get too fat and humory ; 
consequently, the brood is with difficulty 
brought into the world, and the life of both 
mother and offi-^pring is jeopardised ; secondly, 
the pups are often born full of eruptions, and 
more subject to disease. House-pets, when in 
this state, should not be allowed to go up and 
down stairs ; especially after the sixth Aveek 



SLUTS IN HE\T. &C. 49 

Numbers of litters are in this way weakened or 
destroyed, and numerous mothers sacrificed. 
It appears to me, to be an unnatural canine 
movement, this ascending and descending of 
steps, and I imagine, (witli sluts in whelp), it 
strains the sustaining ligament, through which 
the nourishment passes to the embryos ; tljiis 
proving decidedly injurious both to mother and 
offsi)ring. Regular exercise should always be 
attended to, and neednotbe seriously diminish- 
ed on account of pregnancy. Sporting dogs, 
however, should not be hunted much when far 
advanced, as they are subject to sudden jerks, 
which might prove injurious. A snug, comfort- 
able place should be selected, and a warm bed 
should be prepared for the slut, to deposit her 
pups. She should be accustomed to it, for sev- 
eral days previous to her delivery. This 
generally "has the effect of confining her labors 
to one spot ; otherwise she is apt, in her pains, 
to drop them about at random, thus unneces- 
sarily perilling iheir lives. Should she abso- 
lutely appear determined on the selection of 
another spot, it is better to humor her, and 
there make her as comfortable as possible. A 
peeping, meddling curiosity at the time of oup- 



oO SLUTS IN HEAT. &C. 

pitij^ should not be allowed ; slie is generally 
Air better alone, since inqnisitiveness will some- 
times cause the animal to injure or even 
destroy her young, in endeavoring to conceal 
them. Should she however show symptoms of 
lengthened labor, small doses of castor oil may 
be administered every half hour, until an opera- 
tion or a delivery be secured. Should a surgi- 
cal operation appear to be necessary, you had 
better run the risk of doing uothing, than to 
meddle with what you do not undei'stand. In 
such a case, apply to any, avIio may have had 
some experience, to help you out of the pre- 
dicament. Many things have been recom- 
mended, to facilitate labor, but not being- 
satisfied of their safety and efficacy, I shall not 
introduce them here. I have never lost a sin- 
gle slut in labor yet, and have used no other 
means and precautions than those here mention- 
ed ; I am therefore satisfied with my own 
treatment. The object of this work is not to 
repeat what others say, but to state what (I 
believe) I know myself. That thousands will 
difier from me, as I take the liberty ol' doing 
from them, I have not the least shadow of a 
doubt, still I remain convinced that a bushel 



SLUTS IN HEAT, AC. 51 

of experience is worth a whole chal'lrou ci 
hearsay. 

Soon after puppinir, warm drinks are both 
soothing and beneficial, such as warm milk, 
broth or gruel or any light, warm emollient, 
the patient may relish. But, it is not necessary 
to enferce it, or to disturb the family to insist 
on it ; a little may be presented in a tea ciip ; 
if she partake of it, more may he given. The 
pups should be as little handled as possible ; 
it distresses them to bear on their bowels, and 
the constant habit of handling them should be 
avoided, more particularly in delicate breeds. 
If the slut should have an abundant supply of 
milk, the pups will not want feeding, before 
they are five weeks old ; in fact, they are bet- 
ter without it. Should the mother be a poor 
milker, they may be helped along by warm milk 
and water, (half and half) light broths and such 
like, which they may be taught to lap as early 
as the third week, or they may be raised from 
a bottle, in the same way as a child, even from 
their birth. The main difficulty in raising them 
by hand, is in keeping them perfectly dry, 
warm and clean. With all possible attention, 
Uiero is nothing like a mother's care ; never- 



52 SLUTS IN HEaT, AC. 

theicss, tlioy generally get along very well, by 
your ^;trictlj attending to the above. Keeping 
many with the mother too long, retards rather 
than promotes their growth, as they do not 
feed as freely, while depending on the mother ; 
at the same time, perhaps, i:\\Q may not be able 
to supply half their demands. One pup left 
with the slut generally out-thrives the rest, 
uj)on the principle that what will starve a fam- 
ily will fatten one. He will also, be generally 
more forward in his antics, from having been 
under his mother's undivided attention. The 
mother's snapping and pinching her pups is no 
proof of her wishing to get rid of them alto- 
gether. She will invariably allow them to 
.suck, when she has any amount of milk for them, 
but as they would drag her to death, if they had 
their own way, she is compelfed to repulse 
them in her own defense, and m.ake them wait 
her own time. After the fourth week or some- 
times earlier, it is cruel to force the slut to 
remain the whole time with them, as they are a 
Bource of constant annoyance to her. When 
this is the case, it is better to keep her from 
them, except at noon-time and during the night. 
[ cousidertho most critical period for pups, to be 



SLUTS IX HEAT, 40. 53 

between the age of two and four months. Bad 
food, lack of a comfortable bed, damp feet or 
too much exposure, at this tender age are apt 
to bring on Distemper, Inflammation of the 
lungs or bowels, often terminating in hasty con- 
sumption. Nevertheless, a delicate bred pup 
should not be brouglit np too tenderly ; the 
object should be carefully to harden the consti- 
tution by degrees, according to the best 
judgment of the owner. 

Suitable food, air, and exercise are as essen- 
tial to the health of tlie dog as to that of his 
master. This being attended to, he will seldom 
require either pill, powder or draft. 

The best food for puppies is a well boiled 
mixture of meat and meal. Viz : Sheep's heads 
boiled to a rag, the bones all carefully remov- 
ed, and the meat chopped fine and replaced in 
the boiler, then add about the same bulk of 
Indian meal ; boil them well together abont 
ten minutes, stirring all the time. Turn it out 
and you have a fine pudding to be fed at discre- 
tion. A little salt should always be added 
when boiling. The proportion of meal may be 
a little increa-^ed, when the meat is more nutri- 
tive. Avoid Pork and all salted meats, and 




FOX HOUKD. 



The princp of huntors. d?.?hin^. bold anil free, 
The loaptcr lioiind. of sportive pedit^rco. 
About the size of Pointer, more or less, 
Tho' stouter built and differing some in dress ; 
Less fine in coat, in limb more stubborn grown, 
A Pointer's tail a Foxhound would disown. 
Ilis graceful car and eye of daring mood, 
Distinctive preface to unsullied blood. 
To English Staghound near akin may be. 
Yet lighter made, a fleeter hound than he ; 
Seldom or ever of one color bred. 
Black and tan ; red, white ; black, white and red. 
The glories of hunting ye ne'er would deny. 
Did ye once see a pack of such dogs in full cry ; 
^fark Jollyboy, Chanticleer leadinii- the chase; 
See Barmaid and Faraway quicken their pace ; 
Note Dcwdrop and Forrester hard on the track ; 
With old Ringwood, heading the rest of t!ie 

pack. 
Ilark ! hark to their voices, so jnellow and clear, 
As the brush of poor Renard, they eagerly near ; 
On, on dash the huntsmen in scarlet and white, 
With their high mettled steeds, in ecstatic de- 
light ; 
Hoar! hear the glad echos, tiiat mCTrrily fall 
O'er the soul-stirring feast, at the banaucting 



56 



.ST,UTS IN HEAT, &C. 



don't let the jnipi)ics wet themselves or lie in a 
damp or dirty bod. Look at them often and 
see that they are kept free from fleas, lice, daa- 
drull', &c. 











MANAGPJMENT AND TREATMENT OF 
DOGS. 



h is more important to understand the manage- 
ment of a dog, tliau to be possessed of a 
thousand nominal remedies for the cure of his 
various ailments; inasmuch as the Antidote is 
at all times preferable to the Cure. 

I shall first throw out a few hints on the 
guardianship of pets. Whilst many are sacri- 
ficed, for lack of necessary attendance, there are 
thoiis-nds, who perish prematurely from over 
doses of kindness. Delicate breeds of Dogs 
certainly require great care and attention in 
rearing, but overstrained tenderness is often 
more dangerous than culpable neulect. The 
dear little creature, that is allowed to lay un- 
der the stove, that is stuff'ed Avith delicacies 
two or three times a day, that is never allowed 
to breathe the fresh air, except under a cloudless 



68 MANAGEMENT OP DOGS. 

Rky, is more subject to colds, fits, rheumatism, 
sore eyes and cars, worms, &c., than the worth- 
less monj^rcl, who was raised ou the sti'HCt, 
neglected and despised. The former are aflect* 
ed by every chang-e of the atmosphere, and 
subjected to a variety of diseases, nuKnown lo 
him, who has been hardened from his birth. I 
ask you then, neither to stuff nor starve ; neither 
to chill nor burn. A house pet should always 
have a sleeping-place allotted to him, warm 
and comfortable, not near the fire, nor in the 
damp. Anything round is better for an animal 
to lay in ; such as a tastefully ornamented 
cheese-box, or anything of a similar shape. In 
cold weather, it should not be larger than to 
contain him comfortably. It is better for the 
following reasons : he may keep himself perfect- 
ly warm, and his bed may be made exactly to 
fit him ; it also takes up less available space 
than any other shape. He should never be fed 
to the full, neither excited to eat, when he ap- 
pears disinclined. Lack of appetite, so com 
mon to pampered favorites, is generally the 
result of an over loaded stomach and disordered 
digestion. This is easily cured by medicine, 
but more safely and simply without it. Fast 



MANAGEMENT OP DOGS. 59 

hiin for twcuty-roiir hoars ; after wlu(;li, keep 
liiiii oil half his ordinary allowance ; if it agree 
with hini, and he kee]) in fair condition, con- 
tiiuie the reuimcn. Nursing in the lap is inju- 
rions ; not in itself, bnt the animal is thereby 
subjected to constant chills, in emerging from 
a snoozy warmth to a cold carpet or chilly bed. 
A dog accustomed to the lap is always shiver- 
ing aitcr it, and renders himself quite troulde- 
some by his importunate addresses. A moderate 
share of nursing is well enough, but should be 
indulged in only as an occasional treat. Great 
care should be taken in the washing of delicate 
dogs. When this operation is performed, they 
should be rubbed perfectly dry ; after which 
they should be covered, and remain so, till the 
shivering has completely subsided. The water 
should be only blood-warm ; it is far better than 
hot, and not so likely to give the animal cold. 
Injudicious washing and bud drying arc pro- 
ductive of running sore eyes, more especially 
visible in white Poodles, where the hair is long 
ami wooly, retaining the moisture. Once a 
fortnight is often enough to wash any dog but 
a white one. Washing has very little effect in 
the destruction of Vermin. Fleas can live 



60 MANAGEMENT OF DOGS. 

some time under water, wliicli I have often 
tliouglit only makes them bite tlic liardcr and 
stick the closer, when reanimated from their 
temporary torpidity. If "Butler's Mantle 
Liniment and Flea Exterminator" cannot l)e 
obtained, tiic animal nniy be well sodden with 
soft soap and washed about ten minutes after. 
This cannot be done Avith safety, except in 
warm weather. In cold weather, the comb 
may be used, immediately after the application 
of the soap, as the fleas will then be too stu- 
pid to eft'ect tlieir escape. " Butler's Liniment" 
destroys all vermin instantaneously, without 
risk of injuring the animal, and the quadruped 
may be rinsed one minute after ; no flea Avill 
remain alive ; the skin will be thoroughly 
cleansed and the coat beautified. Dogs should 
never be allowed to suffer tlie torment imjiosed 
on them by these detestable vermin. If the 
owners could only realize the importance of 
ridding them of these ever noisome pests, there 
would be far less of snappishness, mange, iits 
&c. I have seen animals literally worried to 
death by fleas, perfectly exhausted, from inces- 
sant irritation, at last Avorn to a skeleton and 
gradually extinguished by a creeping consump* 



MANAGEMENT OP DOGS- 61 

tion. Jjcsides, wlio, (for his own personal 
comfort), would not rid iiis immediate vicinity 
of a worthless mob of blood-suckers awaiting 
tiio iirst favorable opportunity of regalinj^ 
tiiemsclves on human blood. If your dog lie 
on straw, burn it once a week, as fleas har- 
bor and propagate in the tubes of the straw. 
If the bed be carpet, or anything similar, let 
it be often cleansed or changed. Vermin revel 
in hlth, and their extirpation depends mainly 
on cleanliness. 

By attending to the general health of a 
dog, much disease may be avoided ; indeed, this 
is far more essential than prescriptions for a 
cure. It is very easy to carry off a slight in- 
disposition by gentle purgatives andareformed 
diet; whilst confirmed disease is often difficult 
to combat, as few of the canine race can have 
the advantages which are ofttimes essential to 
their restoration. The eyes, the nose, the gums, 
the hair, the breath and particularly the char- 
acter of the stools should be carefully noted. 
The eyes may be red or pale, sunken orprotrud 
ed ; the nose may be hot or dry or nmtted with 
dirt ; the gums may be pale, &c. It will require 
but little experience to discover a disorganiza 



G2 MANAGEMENT OF DOGS. 

tion, which may be easily detected by him who 
has noticed the healthful appearance of the 
different parts and their variation under indis- 
position. When the bowels arc swollen, it is 
generally an indication of w'orms, especially in 
puppies, who. if they arc not attended to, may 
drop off. before they reach their fourth month. 
If you are in the habit of keeping your dog on 
the chain, let him at least run a few minutes 
every day. If he be kept in doors, he should 
also be allowed a little daily exercise outside. 
Change of air and diet will sometimes renov- 
ate, Avhen all remedies fail; a change from city 
to country, from greasy meat to fresh milk, 
irom a confined yard to the green fields, wlici-e 
he will generally recruit himself without the 
aid of medicine. Nature, (to whom Physicians 
are so deeply indebted for so many wonderful 
restorations), often eflects a cure unaided, which 
might have defied the efforts of Apothecary's 
Hall. In summer, particularly, be careful to 
provide a supply of fresh water and a cool 
shelter from the sun. Never take your dog- 
oat, during the intense heat of the day ; this is 
very apt to produce fits, often resulting in sud- 
den death. Early in the morning is preferable 



MANAGEMEXT OF DOP.S. 63 

for summer exercise. The kennel should be 
located in a shady spot during- the summer ; in 
winter it should be sheltered from the wind and 
so f)laeed as to enable tlic dot^ to enjoy the sun 
shine, at will. Above all things, never chain a 
dog, where he cannot screen himself from the 
sun's rays. lie must have the option of sun- 
shine or shade ; he should not be allowed to 
drink water, that has been standing in the sun 
or is otherwise damaged. If you should 
chance to forget to feed him for forty-eight 
honrs, he would not run as much risk of injury, 
as during three hours of thirst, in hot weather. 
The best and cheapest dog-house may be made 
from a common packing-case ; it will require 
nothing but a rouu'l hole, about six inches from 
the bottom, made just large enough to admit of 
the passage of the tenant ; a frame with suffici- 
ent pitch should be made over the top, to 
be shingled or boarded for a roof, which should 
project all round, as much as convenient, to 
shelter the animal from the sun and rain. If 
the back or front part only, under the roof be 
enclosed, it Avill answer as a convenient depot 
for chain, collar, whip, comb, brush, mediclue, 
&c. There should be a piece of joice under 



HARRIER. 

Favors the Foxhound and the English Bcajrle, 
Just as tlie hawk resembles much the eagle ; 
The well known Harrier, pride of wealthy 

squires, 
No luinter but his sportive stock admires. 
Foxhound in color, but less high in limb, 
Less elegant, less daring and less trim ; 
Of like endurance, not so swift of foot, 
Of equal scent and cooler nerve to l)oot; 
Well disci]ilined and nianTierly, in fine, 
No hunger tempts him on his game to dine ; 
But seized his prey, by long exciting run. 
Restrains his appetite and feasts on fun. 
Hie to the fields and scan the marshalled corps, 
Of eager Harriers, forty, p'raps or more ; 
Onward tlioy rush, when Fussey leads the way, 
Away they stride, with mellow notes so gay ; 
While country bumpkins from the village crowd 
The neighboring woods, and shout with voices 

loud ; 
Ascend tlie hill, the glad'ning hunt to view, 
Again, again, their boisterous shouts renew. 
Lo ! here she comes, the flee.', but Jaded hare, 
Struggling to gain sonu; dark secludec' lair, 
Now closely pressed i,hc hounds ihoir prize 

must gain, 
When Lepus springs in safety up a drain. 



06 MANAGEMENT OF DOOS. 

each end of the house, to keep it otf the ground, 
i 1 order to avoid dampness. In summer, an 
excavation, two or three feet in depth, slioiild 
he made unde^' it, and open at both ends, tlmt 
tlie animal may have a cool retreat, during the 
lieat. Those, who do not oi)jcct to a trifling 
expense, may have the house posted on a large 
])aving-stone, Avith an excavation under it, as 
\)efore recommended. All burrowing animals 
seek the earth in hot weather ; everything on 
the surface is heated ; their instinct dictates to 
them the most reasonable method of sheltering 
themselves from the heat, at the same time, ab- 
sorbing the cool exhalations from the ground. 
In southern climates, especially, this method is 
all important. }i\ this manner, I have kept 
dogs from the polar regions, in comparative 
comfort, whilst many native-born and neglect- 
ed have been scalded into fits, paralysis, rabies 
or hydrophobia. In the hot season, with young 
dogs, raw meats should be nvoided, cxcei)t it 
be quite fresh, and then it should not be over 
fed, especially to animals, who arc debarred 
abundant exercise and excluded from their own 
natural medicine : grass. Neverthckss J have 
not perceived any evil effects Irom the mod* 



MANAGEMENT OP DOGS. 67 

erate feeding of fresh sheep's heads, tripe or 
even entrails to animals !>f sufficient age and 
strcncjth. A dog will thrive better on raw 
meat, than on any other food, and will grow 
larger ; but he should be fed with discretion, 
and his health attended to, should his diet visi- 
bly disagree with him. He will ^row fatter 
and be more healthy on moderate meals, than to 
be overgorged. The better plan is, to ascer- 
tain his average consumption and then allow 
him a little less. Keep his digestion in good 
order, and disease will rarely trouble liim. 
His coat and ribs will generally indicate 
Avhether he be sufficiently cared for, whether he 
be sick or sound in his digestive organs. Feed 
him always in the same place, and at the same 
hour. Once a day is sufficient, if he be over six 
months old. By being fed only once a dtiy, he 
is less choice, and will consume wliat he might 
refuse, if his appetite were dulled by a previous 
meal. Should yon require him to be watchful 
at night, feed him in the nftorning ; if you Avould 
have him quiet at night, feed him late, and don't 
leave him bones to gnaw. Dogs are pretty 
quiet, during the digestive process, when left 
to thoniselvea, and should not have much e\or- 



68 MANAGEMENT ill' 1>0(;S. 

cise, alter a lieavy meal. Tliey pliould only bo 
lightly fed, before training-lessons, or on sport- 
iiig'-days ; on the latter occasions, a little 
refreshment may be adminislei-ed as occasion 
may require. Those ko[)t in doors sliould be 
allowed to run a little after meals, when they 
generally require an evacuation. If a dog be 
regularly exercised, he will seldom even dirt 
around his kennel, and aheaithy l.ouse-pet is 
rarely troublesome, except after eating. If a 
dog be dirly in the house, he should decidedly he 
broken of it, although he should not Ije cor- 
rected, unless he has had a fair oj^portunity of 
avoiding it. He should be invariably taken 
to the spot, be suflficienlly iwigged tliere, and 
unceremoniously scolded into the yard. It is 
important to catch him in the act, and administer 
sunnnary cluistiscmcnt. The punishment will 
be far more justly administered, if the animal 
be let out at regular intervals ; this being done, 
he will not attempt to infringe the law, except 
in cases of dire necessity. Young puppies 
however, must be, in a measure excused or mort 
gently corrected, as they are incapable of self- 
restraint. Nevertheless they may be very 
carlv initiated into habits of eleanliness. A 



MAXAGEMENT OF DUOS. 69 

Dog is often spoiled, by being caressed 'oy 
hundreds, and kicked by scores ; either pam- 
pered by all, or fed by none : either constantly 
bound with a cramped range of a few feet, or left 
to ramble undirected, through the streets. Ho 
sliould have but one master ; should not be 
I'endered sullen and surly, for lack of associat- 
ing with his superior?, neither should he be 
allowed an enlarged acquaintance, especially in 
his own neighborhood ; as it Avill tend to render 
him listless as a guardian, and percliance too 
familiar with some, whose presence, it might be 
the peculiar interest of his master to avoid. 
Although there is as great a variety of talent 
and disposition in dogs, as in mankind, yet we 
can almost mould them, as we please. If they 
be too savage, they may be softened down by 
accustoming them to a variety of faces and 
friends ; and correcting them in their fiery 
ebulitions. If too meek, their dispositions may 
be roused and their dormant passions excited ; 
solitude, encouragement and occasional irrita- 
tion may be resorted to ; in fine, a tame listless 
temperament should be cautiously handled, yet 
continually fed with gentle irritants, and the 
animal will not long require smarting iqy. I 



70 MANAGEMENT OF DOGS. 

this have reduced the savage bull-dog to be as 
tractable as a liand oi-gan, and have made the 
gentle Spaniel a thoroughly fierce watch-dog. 
We must use firmness, without severity, except 
in cases of conscious misdemeanor ; pass no dog- 
laws which we are not at all times prepared lo 
enforce : never punish for a fault, un'ess we are 
perfectly satisfied of guilt ; allow no one else 
to correct, unless urgent necessity demand it, 
and never allow the fire of our imagination to 
inflict more than deserved punishment. 

Pups should be cautiously concctcd, and al- 
though their obedience must of necessity be 
enforced, as early as they can distinguish be- 
tween roast beef and stale bread, too much should 
not be exacted from them, and no severity used ; 
as it may have the effect of cowering Ihcm 
down, thus materially effecting their pluck and 
spirits in after life, 

I am satisfied as a general rule, that a well 
amalgamated mixture of animal and vegetable, 
is the most healthful diet, for dogs of all ages, 
breeds and conditions. Dogs living in the 
house should on no account be fed on raw meat, 
as it gives them a very offensive smell and ia 
in other respects very unsuitable. 




TKETHIXG, TP^ETH &c. 



A. GREAT deal of stress is land on the teething 
of dogs. About this period, Nature appears to 
be undergoing a certain change, and a dog is in 
less danger from dying from Distemper, after 
the operation is thoroughly effected. Tlie ani- 
mal of course becomes stronger, as he gets 
older ; consequently the better fitted to with- 
stand disease ; otlicrwise the simple act of 
teething, I cannot imagiue to eflFect materi- 
ally thegeneral health ; although from the great 
excitability of delicate breeds of dogs, fits may 
be often attributed to the annoyance occasioned 
))y the process of dentition. Until the teeth be 
fully developed, the animal will require more 
than ordinary care and attention. His stomach 
should never be overloaded, particularly with 



72 TEETH IX(i, TEETH, AC. 

meat or any gross food. Of light fare however, 
he mav always cat to the full, and his strength 
sliould be maintained by generous living. It is 
said there is great danger, should a puppy hap- 
pen to swallow any of his teeth: For my part, 
1 do not believe in any such nonsense, and 
should not be afraid to give a dog half a dozen 
with his dinner ; I am satisfied there would be 
no fatal result. It may be advisable to remove 
some of the first teeth, should any be in the 
way of the second crop, but I seldom see any 
occasion for it, except when they are quite 
loose, or interfere with the new-comers. Giv- 
ing medicine to dogs simply because they are 
shedding their teeth is quite unnecessary. 
Should they be feverish or indisposed, itwould 
be expedient, otherwise, Nature had better take 
its course. Dogs are apt to get cankered 
teeth, especially when attacked by Distemper, 
during the teething process ; therefore exposure 
to this latter disease should be avoided as much 
as possible, until the mouth is fairly furnished. 
The teeth often become foul and incrusted with 
Tarter. This arises either from gross feeding, 
the results of Distemper, or a disordered diges- 



TEETHING, TEETH, AC. 73 

f-ion, and is sometimes hereditary. Any gccd 
tooth-powder may be used and tliey may bo 
cleaned with a brush. The ashes of bunit 
bread are about as good as anything- for clean- 
sing the teeth, and in no wi^e injurious. The 
teeth may be scraped, if necessary ; but it 
sliould be done carefully, so as not to disturb 
the enamel. An occasional scrubbing with 
vinegar tends to sweeten tlie mouth and is ex- 
cellent for cleansing the teeth. I do not imag- 
ine however, that cleansing the teeth will effect- 
ually cure fetid breath. It certainly has a 
good effect, but the stomach is more the seat 
of the affection, and must be kepthealtliy. De- 
cayed teeth should be extracted as they render 
the breath very offensive. An auinml with 
foul breath should be allowed but little meat, 
and be occasionally treated to a gentle purga- 
tive. Without attending to this, the teeth will 
soon become recoated, and the breath remain 
but little improved. For the age of a dog, 
wc generally look to the teeth, bnt this is by 
no means a decided test, except perliaps at 
ages under two years. A five ye;ir old dog 
may perhaps have a better nioutli than others 
r>f half his age. Nevertheless a young dog 



BEAGLE. 

With ears of Hound, and Turnspll limb to boot, 
The gouty sportsman most inclined to suit ; 
Must some relation to the Turnspit be, 
Else none with back, so lon<? and low as he ; 
Black — tan, in color, tlio' not over so, 
With Connoisseurs, the former all the go. 
^^'hile yet the smallest of the hunting class, 
But few his slow activity surpass ; 
His watchword " Onward," tardy tho' his pace ; 
His motto : " Slow and steady wins the racy.'' 
Rabbit or hare, in covert, apt to dodge, 
Prom sheltered wall or thicket to dislodge, 
And luckly after many a sinuous run. 
Presents the victim to the fatal gun. 
In slower times, in England widely known ; 
Of late, in Germany, more often grown. 
When Hawk and Beagle graced the hunting 

field, 
'Ere yet the sun the pearly dew revealed, 
In days of Wassail and of good old Saok, 
Away they sped, the merry tuneful pack. 
The lusty Baron, and the portly Squire, 
Th' embroidered Lordling and the bloated Friar, 
In concert joined, to greet the rising morn, 
The gladdening echo of the inspiring horn. 



76 TEETHING, TKETIl, &C, 

may generally be distinguished from an old one 
by the lack of wear in the small front teeth, 
and fro'n tlie clear whiteness of the teetli in 
general. The small front teeth are the first to 
give way .* indeed some dogs (those of the 
short-nosed breeds esi^eiiaily) arc apt to lose 
them at a vei-y early age. If all were fed alike 
the teeth would more fairly indicate the years. 
but an animal, who has had to grind bones for 
a living, will file oflf more ivory in three days 
than the ordinary wear and tear of a decently 
fed animal, in a year. Long-nosed dogs gener- 
ally have the best, the longest and most dura- 
ble teeth, whilst the small front teeth of the 
snub-nosed are set so lightly in their sockets. 
that they are easily dislodged. This is more 
peculiar to Bull-dogs, King Charles' Spaniels 
and Puus. Those fed on warm food andfarin<r 
principally on rich meats will show early symp- 
toms of decaying teeth. Close confinement, 
lack of exercise and a too nutritious diet tend 
to destroy the healthy tone of the system, con- 
sequently must be injurious to the teeth. 
Fetching stones is the most injurious of all 
things and should never be permitted, as it not 
only destroys the teeth, but the animal who is 



TEETHING, TEETH, &C. 



77 



allowed the pastime is generally at the beck 
and call of every one, makes a pericct fool 
of hiiiiself, aud will own any one lor a master 



.-^^^v, 




CROPPING, TAILING, DEW-CLAWS. 



The dog-fancying; portion of the community 
are so accustomed to the cropping of Bull-dogs, 
Terriers, Bull-terriers and others of the pugna- 
cious class, that the pul)lic, through them, have 
become convinced that the operation is abso- 
lutely indispensible. 

The practice originated in a desire to save 
the ears of the animal from being lacerated and 
torn, and to prevent them serving as a hold in 
his warlike encounters with others of the same 
stamp. It is decidedly an injurious practice, 
often producing hardness of hearing, if not 
deafness, by exposing the ear to the reception 
of all kinds of filth and tending to produce dis- 
ease. I certainly am accustomed to think it 
improves the appearance of some breeds of 
dogs, but I believe they would be less punished, 
even in a fight, with their ears on j as the bite 



CROPPING, TAILING, DEW-CLAWS. 79 

on a short ear would consequently be nearer 
the head, and on that account the more punishing. 
As for their being torn by thorns and otherwise 
damaged, the flaps are the greatest protection 
against all internal injuries. The method I 
adopt in cropping, is lirst to cut the top off one 
ear to the desired lengtii ; the piece taken oti 
to be used as a measure, by which to cut the 
other top. When both tops are off. flatten the 
ear out with one hand and cut in a straight 
line from the base of the ear to the farthest 
point at tlie top, cutting of course both ears 
exactly alike. Do not cut too close in at the 
base, if you do not wish to subject the dog to 
great discomfort, for the sake of fashion. 
Tiiere are various methods of cropping, but 
whichever you adopt, be careful to cut both 
ears exactly alike, or the beauty of the hand- 
somest animal may be ruined for life. It should 
be done with a large sharp scissors, so as to be 
effected with one cut ; thus it will be better 
done and give the animal less pain. But never 
attempt the operation, unless you have a steady 
holder, as on this depends perhaps more than 
on your own skill. If the ears should be left 
long, or appear to be inclined to droop, they 



80 CROPPING, TAILING, PEW-CLAWS. 

may be tied together for a few days, OA'cr the 
head by a piece of thread, passed through tlic 
ends of the ears with a needle. After the op- 
eration, strong salt and Avater will stay the 
bleeding and stop the smarting. A little olive 
oil may be afterwards put on twice a day, with 
a light feather ; but the ears will do about as 
well, if let alone. Some advocate the cutting 
of the ears, when the animal is only a few 
weeks old, True, they very soon heal under 
the mother's care, and the sooner on account 
of their tenderness, but I prefer waiting till 
the dog is four or five months old, because the 
ear is not developed at such an early age ; 
therefore in its growth, it becomes naturally 
thick, and seldom looks well ; in the second 
place, before the ears be cut, the natural droop 
has to be considered, and they should be short- 
tened accordingly, or they will never stand up 
right. Besides in case of sickness or more 
especially Fits, it may be advantageous to have 
ears to cut off, to relieve the flow of blood to 
the head. As to tailing, it is a very simple op- 
eration (now almost out of fashion) and requires 
nothing but a knife or any sharp instrument, 
with which the narrative may be ahlreviaied 



CROPPING, TAILING, DEW-CLAWS. Hi 

to suite the taste of the owner. It is far pref- 
erable that this be done when young, as the tail 
is more difficult to heal than the ear. To stop 
the flow of blood, if necessar}-, put salt ainl 
vinegar in a rag and tie it over the end of the 
tail. There is no need of this, when the ani- 
mal is very young ; when more matured, hov- 
ever, I have seen several instances, wliere the 
animal would have bled to death without it. 
If you cut it when young, take care not to 
leave it too short, as it will not grow in propor- 
tion to other parts of the body, and a short 
stump is a most inelegant appendage to the 
most symmetrical form. 

Dew-claws are considered by many as a proof 
of impurity of breed. I see no ground for 
such a supposition, as I have found them occa- 
sionally on all breeds, good, bad or indifferent, 
and 1 must say I cannot account for their ap- 
peai'ance. They may, however, liave once been 
the distinctive mark of a pure stock. Those 
who have any objection to them can easily re- 
move them with a sharp scissors. They are 
generally very lightly attached, and the pain 
must be very trifling, eopecially when tLe ani 
mal is young. 




CASTRATION OF DOGS.— SPAYING OF 
SLUTS. 



Castration is one of the most simple opera- 
tions, requiring nothing more than a siir.rp 
knife, a steady hand and a little experience. 
The most suitifble age, I consider to be from 
five to nine months. For this operation, the 
animal should be made perfectly secure, by one 
person holding his head, and a second the legs, 
whilst the hands of the operator must be per- 
fectly free. If the dog's head be put into a 
bag, or be otherwise covered, he will be far less 
restive, or perhaps wholly unconscious of any 
danger. For all painful operations, a dog 
should be blinded ; it will detract greatly from 
his nervous restlessness and mateiiially facil- 
itate the process. The skin at the base of 
the testicle should be firmly hehl between the 
thumb and finger of the left hand, so as to 



CASTRATION OF DOGS. 83 

present a fair tightened surface ; then cut 
through the skin just deep enough to expose it to 
view. Whilst you still hold perfectly fast Avilli 
the left hand, draw out the testicle, stringaud all 
with the right. Should it be difficult to draw 
out, the knife may be passed round it, to facil- 
itate the extraction, but if the operation be 
performed at an early age, this will seldom be 
requisite, as the pressure of the thumb and fin- 
ger will suffice to force the testicle out so as to 
present, a fair hold for the right hand. Should 
the string not draw out, it may be cut off; of 
course each must be taken out separately ; the 
same means used in extracting the first, applies 
also in the second. The operation should not 
be performed either during very warm or cold 
weather, unless the animal can be kept in a 
somewhat moderate degree of warmth, for at 
least a couple of weeks. No after-application 
is required, other than washing the parts, with 
strong salt and water, immediately after the 
operation, and a little lard or goose-grease, to 
hoothe the irritation. The dog should be kept 
cool, quiet and cheerful ; his food should not 
be gross, and he may require a little cooling 
physic. He should be exposed to no extremes 




ENO-LISH GKEYHOTIND. 



El^GLTSH GREYHOUND. 

Ills sinewy limb, ayinmctric form and j^raoe, 
V^ic with t!ic hind, and equal him in pace ; 
Ehistic, bounding o'er the flowery mead, 
Uiiiiiutched his spring, agility and speed. 
]Iis color blai k or white, red, blue or grey j 
The latter, the original, they say ; 
I.o;i;-C tauering nose small ear and piercing eye, 
II s destined game unerringly descry. 
Wiih common hound, disdains to scent his prey ; 
JJy :5iglit alone, he speeds his lightening way ; 
The trembling hare, for safety ilies in vain, 
Aud fruitless seeks the shelt'ri ng copse to gain. 
On All>ion's shore, where hunting is the rage, 
His feats and pedigree grace every page ; 
Grandsire and Grandam, all is there recorded, 
And to the fleetest, is the prize awarded. 
If ought impure, in blood or limb, we trace, 
His name's ignored, excluded from the race j 
Condemned a Lurcher, fit for Poacher's game, 
But for the nobler sports, despised his minie. 
And many a hero, famed for martial deeds, 
Taunts his fleet greyhounds, and his rampant 

steeds ; 
And when in giee, the sparkling wine they sup, 
Poittt3 to Diana's prize, the " Golden Cup." 






88 CASTRATION OF DOGS. 

of eltlicr heat or cold, be allowed very little 
exercise and be kept in a perfectly clean placo, 
that no dirt may enter the sore. The changes 
produced by this operation diffei- in different 
subjects ; as a general thing, its results are fat 
and a lazy independence, and of course in all 
cases a perfect indifference to the charms of the 
otlier sex. I am inclined to believe that if 
these altered subjects were not allowed to get 
too fat, they probably would retain more of 
their natural vigor. I am far from believing 
that it detracts either from their sagacity or 
intelligence. I have seen several cases, where 
it has added to their pluck and daring. These 
may be quoted as exceptions. They are decid- 
edly less inclined to roving, are more cleanly 
in their habits and the more easily recovered, 
if lost. 

The Spaying of Sluts is not much practiced 
nowadays. The effect on them is about the 
same as on the male. I have witnessed the opera- 
tion, but have never performed it. It consists 
in making an incision in the flank, and extract- 
ing the ovaries, which renders the animal in- 
capable of producing young. It requires a 
practiced hand to ensure success ; I shall there- 
fore not enlarge on the subject. 



DOG-TRAINING, TRICKS, &c. 



INTRODUCTORY REMARKS ON THE TRAINING OP 
DOGS. 

One might suppose from the surprise andaston* 
ishmcut expressed, on the relation of examples 
of the extraordinary sagacity, instinct and 
reasoning powers of the dog, that these gifts 
were bestowed by Nature only on the favored 
few ; whilst the majority of canines were far 
beneath the level of ordiiiary brutes and actual- 
ly incapable of instruction, denied the privi- 
lege of ranking among their more favored 
brethren. This impression however is not alto- 
gether groundless, considering how few persons 
there are, who take into consideration the evils, 
to which they are personally subjected, through 
the lawless multitude of untutored quadru- 
peds, with which the whole country is infested, or 
who pause to imagine the benefits which might 
revert to themselves, did they contribute their 



88 DOn-TnAlNIXG, <tc. 

!i!'arp, towards ameliorating the condition ol 
animals, who are ever willing to serve and 
doubly blest in obeying. 

Mr. Smith envies Mr. Jones, because Mr. J. 
is the owner of such a well-behaved, intelligent, 
respectable dog, and wonders where he got the 
breed. Mr. White can't imagine how his neigh- 
bor Green could have taught his dog so many 
curious tricks, and is anxious to get a puppy of 
the same stock, Avhich of course he expects will 
educate himself, at a very early age. 

My object is to prove that it requires but a 
small amount either of time or labor, to rescue 
even tiie meanest mongrel from a life of degra- 
dation ai>d misery and place him in a position, 
where he may be respected for his virtues and 
appreciated for his worth. 

The most important points to be considered 
in the training of a dog are first : to under- 
stand somewhat of his natural disposition and 
temperament. Secondly : not to exact too 
much of him at once. Thirdly : to use as lit- 
tle force as possible. Fourthly : always to in- 
sist on obedience and never to pass unnotici;d 
the slighest act of insubordination. Fifthly : 
begin your instructions as early as possible. 



DOG -TRAINING, AC. 89 

(The pup is never too young to learn, especially 
to do wrong, if left to himself.) 

The principal causes of so many dogs being 
spoiled in the training may be traced to their 
having been taken in hand too late; having had 
too many masters, from the indecision or sever- 
ity of their instructors. The moment a dog is 
known to fetch, three or four objects are thrown 
at once, and every acquaintance amuses himself 
in putting the abilities of the animal to the test ; 
he is consequently puzzled, considers it only a 
play-game and becomes remiss in his duty to his 
master. Just so with any of his other perform- 
ances. He is perhaps allowed to follow a 
variety of persons, which often tends to lessen 
his attachment and obedience to his real owner, 
at the same time allowing him favorable oppor- 
tunities of committing a variety of acts, which he 
dared not dream of, in his master's presence. A 
dog then to be rightly trained, should be under 
the sole management of one person ; he should 
be allowed to do nothing without his master's 
knowledge and consent. He should be ex- 
pressly habituated to all kinds of company, 
hogs, cows, dogs, goats, sheep, chickens, &c., so 
that he may be firmly checked by his master, 



90 DOG-TRAINING, &C. 

should he attempt any wanton attacks on others 
of the animal kingdom, at the same time that he 
may be taught to rid himself of all fear of their 
presence by occasionally associating with them. 
The earliest impulse of a canine, that has any 
pretension to pluck, is to attack the first ani- 
mal he sees, whilst all dogs, either with or 
without evil intent are inclined to pursue every 
living creature that runs from them. This 
inclination can either be encouraged or checked, 
either speedily annihilated or cultivated, to suit 
the will of the trainer; therefore it necessarily 
follows, tliat as soon as a dog has a will of his 
own, it should be well directed or immediately 
curbed. If he be old enough to eat, he is old 
enough to be made to let it alone ; if he be old 
enough to come when called and go away when 
he is bid, he is also old enough to know his 
place, and be made to stay there, till he is 
wanted, (at least in his master's presence.) 
But in these early lessons, we must be extreme- 
ly careful to keep in perfect good humor, and 
to let our punishments be very light ; as there 
is not only great danger in forcing too much on 
weak intellects, but in inflicting too much on 
youthful pets. Let your lessons be light, easy, 



DOG-TRAIXING, kC. 



91 



short and pleasant. If your pupil tires, ad- 
journ the meeting. By consulting his feelings, 
lie will be more apt and willing, will delight 
in your teachings and long for their repetition. 
Half a pound of encouragement, two ounces 
of decided disapproval, a quarter of a pound ot 
patience and two ounces of gentle correction, 
form an excellent mixture as a basis for canine 
instruction. I have trained many dogs for my 
own private use, and I confess they have caused 
mc anything but trouble ; they have been all 
extremely apt, docile and willing. I do not 
attribute this to their superior intellectual pro- 
portions, neither to any inborn sagacity of my 
own, but merely to a method of consulting their 
inclinations and exciting their wills, thus ren- 
dering their toil a pleasure, their studies a 
sport. The teachings, (as I often observe) 
should be short, often, and regular. A quarter 
of an hour twice a day will be of more effect 
than two hours three times a week. The best 
place, (for early lessons especially) is in a yard 
or moderate sized enclosure, as the animal will 
be far more obedient, where he has no chance 
of escape, and his attention will not be divert- 
ed by other objects. He had better also be 



92 DOG-TRAINING, AC. 

taught alone, until be is well advanced, as I 
have observed dogs to be very shy at iirst in 
performing in the presence of others. The 
Trainer should also appear very joyous when 
the student does his duty. This has a most as- 
tonishing effect ; as dogs (being no hypocrites 
themselves,) judge entirely from appearances, 
and look one right in the face, which to them 
is the unerring index of the mind. When you 
uncliain a dog to give him a lesson, always let 
him have a good romp first, (if he please), as he 
will generally be uneasy, if you omit it, conse- 
quently less attentive to your instructions. If 
possible, never allow any one to help you teach 
him ; lie will readily digest the commands of 
one, whilst a second method is apt to puzzle 
him ; besides he will always be more tractable 
under one instructor, and will far more read- 
ily obey the teachings of his master. Any 
strange system of management will only tend 
to diminish his attachment and obedience. By 
these remarks, I do not mean to infer that a 
man is bound to train his own dog, neither that 
au animal might not be better educated by two 
persons, than by one only, who in a measure 
either neglected him, or treated him improper- 



DOG-TRAINING, AC. 93 

ly; but, that the animal is the more easily 
managed, when directed by one head, and own- 
ed solely by one master. With regard to 
Sporting Dogs, I consider it advisable that 
they should be trained rather by regular Sport- 
ing men, than to be spoiled by a youthful 
Greenhorn. A regular Breaker is better en- 
abled to give him constant practice in the field 
of his future labors, than the occasional Sports- 
man, in whose keeping he may become addicted 
to bad liabits. Another thing, he should, it 
convenient, be raised in the country, where he 
will become more healthful, vigorous and har- 
dy ; that is to say, unless the owner should 
have other means at hand of securing to him 
that sanitory exercise, indispensably necessary 
to Ills perfect physical and mental development. 
Dogs in some respects are like children. Show 
me a dozen genteel children raised in the city, 
pampered with delicacies, exercising themselves 
in the nursery, carefully cloaked and india-rub- 
bered, on the slightest fall of the barometer, 
thus fattening the Doctor and Apothecary at 
the expense of their delicate constitutions. 
Compare with them a dozen Rustics. Who 
will throw a stone the farthest, climb a tree the 



ITALIAN GREYHOUND. 

Moilel of beauty, Byrainetry and grace, 
From fair Italia sprinirs thy sylplilike race ; 
3wcet emblem of the cliuie, that gave tiice birth, 
Symbol of action, sprightliness and mirtii I 
Jjikc his famed compeer of the nobler grade, 
Of ditierent color, and of varied shade; 
^Matcliless in mould, of fawiilike form and limb ; 
Small silken ear. soft, light, traiispnr, nt skin, 
Fitted alone in genial warmth to dwell — 
Genteel appendage of the flaunting Belle. 
l-lis magic trip and quick, elastic bound. 
Disgrace the awkward step of meaner lioun.'! ; 
The gay attendant of the proud and lair, 
To doubt bis use or merit none shall dare, 
'i'lie maiden's nursling and the bride's delight, 
Fondled by day, and feathered up at nigiit; 
For ruder sports, inapt his slender form, 
Yet quick of ear, the stealthy rogue to warn ^ 
In courage lacking, yet his very fear 
Will rouse the house when thief or burglar's 

near. 
Then wonder not, a pampered hound like he, 
So delicate, effeminate should be ; 
His graces charm, nor let his faults perplex, 
SinC'C he was framed to please the gentler sex. 



.J 



96 DOG-TRAINING, &U. 

quickest, or stand toil the best? Just so with 
animal nature in other forms. Again, I repeat, 
wholesome f<jod, plenty of air and exercise arc the 
principal ingredients necessary to frameahaidy 
and enduring constitution, and the safest anti- 
dotes ao-ainst degeneration and disease. 



down! stop! steady there! 

Down ! Gently press the dog down, repeat- 
ing " Doiun / Doivn Sir r hold over him a 
twig or a whip ; if he resist, (as most probably 
he may,) use the whip very lightly, and increase 
in severity, according to the obstinacy of the 
animal, whilst you carefully exhibit firmness 
without anger. As soon as he has remained 
" Doivu" about half a minute, do not omit to 
encourage and play with him, give him a little 
rest, and repeat. As soon as you fcc he under- 
stands it, make him perform without the sign 
of the whip, raising only the hand over him. 
(The whip may be concealed in your pocket. 
and produced in case of necessity.) When he 
ioivns without threatening, try him at a little 



n 



DOG TRAIXING, AC. 9'/ 

distance from you, (say six feet). If he refuse 
at that distance, approacli liim, administering 
a little correction, and repeat, till a polite re- 
quest be sufficient to enforce compliance. ]>e 
cautious not to weary him, by repeating tin 
Fame thing too often. Change off to a fetdiiny 
or any other lesson. Keep up his spirits, by 
constant encouragement, and appear to join in 
the fun, though always maintaining your autiior- 
itf . When he downs short at six feet, or at 
any distance from you, change your command 
" Down" to " Stojj / Down f" The hand up- 
lifted the same, and go on increasing the dis- 
tance, little by little, always enforcing the 
" Stojj" till it becomes instantaneous. Continue 
this, till he is perfect at a distance, equal to the 
full extent of your voice. When he is in mo- 
tion, omit now the word ' Down" and only use 
" Sloj)." This being eftected, accustom him to 
stop, when he is on the full run ; throw an ob- 
ject for him to fetch, and occasionally stop him 
short, when at the height of his speed. Then 
set him at some animal, and before he quite 
reaches him, check him short with the " Sfop.'^ 
Don't weary him by a too oft repetition of tho 
same thing. The next thing is to make him 



I 



98 50G-TRAINING, &C. 

stay, under die word " Stop" till he is permitted 
to move ; and he never should at any time be 
allowed to stir, unless invited by the signal 
" Up." At first, of course, a very short time 
miiht be exacted, (say half a minute) at the ex- 
piration of which ho must be released by the 
signal •' Up'' accompanied by raising the hand, 
Invitingly called away and encouraged ; but 
be the tiuic ever so short, he must never be al- 
lowed to leave of his own accord. By gradu- 
ally increasing his time, and unerringly enfor- 
cing your orders, you may eventually succeed 
in keeping him there for hours, if you wish. I 
have occasionally forgotten my own orders, 
and have found my faithful dog, true to his 
•post, hours after the command of " Steady there" 
was issued. This is the word now to be used. 
Remomber then '' Doivn," ''Slop," '' Up" and 
" Sleodij there." 



COME IN ! KEEP IN ! GO ON ! 

Unless a dog come, Avlien he is called, he ia 
cot to be depended on. He may be tempted 
either for sport, malice, or pastime to pursue a 



DOG-TRAINING, &C. 99 

cat, hoj?, dog, &c. ; worse than tliat, he may be 
inclined to dodge after the opposite sex, regard- 
less of his master's commands, deaf to his 
threats and entreaties. As a barrier against 
such casualties, he should be strictly taught to 
come immediately at call. Now this cannot be 
classed among dog-tricks, but perhaps it is 
more difficult to teach, as it requires consider- 
able judgment to enforce, and often great pa- 
tience to forbear. A dog must be taught to 
come, with as little threatening as possible, es- 
pecially when he is at a distance, as young dogs 
may easily be too much intimidated by threats. 
When a command has to be obeyed at a dis- 
tance, its execution depends principally on the 
animal's will. He should then be humored, 
until he thoroughly understands his duty, after 
which he will bear such seasonable correction, 
as the case may require. He should be regu- 
larly drilled into it, at gradually increasing dis- 
tances. A beckoning sign should also be made 
accompanying the command, or a peculiar 
whistle used, more particularly if he be a sport- 
ing dog, who may be often out of sight. It is 
convenient that he should understand both sign, 
voice and whistle. His obedience should be 



POINTER. 

Cn color, size, to Setter most akin ; 
Witli liim contends Diana's prize to win ; 
Of I'orni more elegant, wlien highly bred, 
Smooth drooping ear and intellectual head ; 
(jf nervous build and muscular in limb, 
Clear, close set coat, with tail, long, straight 

and slim ; 
In EngLml, Scotland, Ireland,Francc and Spain, 
Varying in leatiirc, yet in worth the same ; 
By some, the Setter is the worthiest deemed ; 
By others, Pointers are the most esteemed ; 
But. 'ere deciding, we should first compare 
Climate and treatment, manaijement and fare. 
The toriner thickly clad, l)y Nature warm, 
Adapted best, to brave the cold Jind storm. 
Through bush and bramble, fearless cleaves hie 

way. 
Deep rushing waters must his steps obey; 
The Pointer flags not, in the burning heat, 
N(jr jaded, pants, the cooling spring to greet j 
Solely, wholly, [)urely. all lor fun. 
His aim is centered, in the doul)le gun. 
Unlike the Hound, he hunts not to cle>troy ; 
The sportsman's glory is his highest joy ; 
In tine, in gaming powers, so like the Setter, 
▲ task it were, to noininato the better. 



102 DOG-TRAINING, AC 

thoroughly tested in every way, and his habita 
of ivlUing submission indelibly confirmed. 

^^ Keep m" is also essential to the good man- 
ners and safety of your dog. It keeps him from 
wandering oif at undesirable periods, and ena- 
bles him to wind his way through a crowd, 
without losing his master. He should not be 
allowed to go on, without the order " On, Go 
on." If he should show a determination to ad- 
vance, he may be saluted Avith a gentle tap, to 
the tune of " In, Keep in .'" At first, he should 
not be kept in too long at a time, but often en- 
couraged by the word " 0;?." If he refuse to 
go on, he may be excited by throwing a cracker 
&c., a little ahead. 

Remember, although he may be forced to 
come in, it is extremely difficult io force him to 
go on, until he is thoroughly drilled. Tliis 
must therefore be effected principally by en- 
couragement and good humor, sometimes by 
patting and exciting, or even by advancing at 
a quick pace yourself. In all these things, the 
disposition of the animal must regulate in a 
great measure our method of treatment. One 
thing is certain, the more he is pleased with 
you, the more readily will he obey. 



DOG-TRAININO, AC. 103 

SHAKING HANDS ; RIGHT HAND ; LEFT HAS D ; 

SITTING UP ; STANDING UP ; WALKING 

ON THE HIND LEGS. 

Generally, tlie dog's first act of friendsliip 
is to put up liis hand to his master. His paw 
sliould be taken and gently shaken ; then the 
other ; at the same time, repeating " right Jiand'^ 
for the right, and " left hand" for the left, al- 
ways taking the one required, and invariably 
refusing the other. Your hand siiould be first 
extended to the side of the paw demanded, so 
that the other paw cannot reach it. He will 
soon become habituated to the v.'ords right and 
left, and immediately distinguish between them. 
He may then be taught (if you please) to go 
round and siiake hands with the .whole compa- 
ny. To make it perhaps more amusing, you 
may term the right paw the gentlemen's and 
the left the lady's ; or you may while standing 
up, hold out both your hands, in%nting him to 
jump up. AVhcn he has done this a few times, 
you can, while your hands are out, say "Show 
me how you shake hands with tlie ladies" when 
the act of giving both paws, will be the an- 
■wer. 



104 POG-TRAINIXG, AC. 

To make a do<r sit up, he must be placed in 
position, and be tliere made to pit for a short 
time and seriously threatened, should he dare 
to disobey the order '^ Sit iqj Sir.^^ lie must 
be kept a very short time at first and his poor- 
est efforts must be flattered. Although at the 
outset, he must be placed in position, ho should 
soon be taught to rise at a touch, accompanied 
by the Avord of command, and shortly after by 
the word alone. A gentle rap on his forefeet 
with a twig may bo of occasional service. 
When he answers to the word, you should in- 
crease your distnncefrom him, be more pcrem]> 
tory in your orders, and rather more sevei'C, if 
he disobey. He may t!ien, at a short distance 
have a pipe placed in his mouth and a cap on 
his head ; he may also be ornamented with a 
pair of spectacles, which together with a news- 
paper, placed before him, will render him well 
worthy of your attention. 

As for teaching an animal to stand up on his 
hind legs, a piece of meat will be found 
quite sufficient inducement. This is the most 
natural and simple method of instruction. As 
he stands up to reach the meat, it should be 
drawn slowly forward, for him to follow on his 



DOG-TRAINTNG, AC. 105 

hind leg?, while at the same time, you repeat 
" Walk along Si)\^^ You may find it easier per- 
haps, to start him from a wall, against Avhich 
he must be stood upright, and tempted onward 
in hopes of the meat, of which he should be al- 
lowed a small portion, when he behaves well, 
but never unless to reward him for his elTorta 
of obedience. Of course he will require no 
regular fee, when he thoroughly understands 
his duty, although an occasional kindness will 
at no time be thrown away. 



FETCHING, CARRYING, SEEKING, FINDING. 

Nearly all dogs, (especially in their pup- 
pish days) have a natural propensity of 
running after objects and carrying them about. 
I have rarely met with an exception ; it ap- 
pears to be the instinctive pastime of the whole 
canine fraternity. There can be no difficulty 
therefore, in cultivating an instinct so amus- 
ing ; no barrier to directing it to pleasing and 
useful results. The first lesson must be perfect 
play. A ball, a piece of wood, or anything 



106 DOG-TEA IN INO, &,C. 

easy to grasp and not injurious to the teeth, 
s]ioiild be thrown a little Avay. As soon as the 
pupil has picked it up, lie must be teTpted, (if 
possible), to carry it back to his master. Should 
he not return to him Avith it, it should be gently 
taken out of his mouth, and again thrown, ex- 
citing the dog a little between the acts. It 
filiould invariably be taJcen out of liis month. 
If he persist in holding it fast, tap his nose, 
saying, " I^'t go Sir,'" to make him relax his 
hold ; at the same time keep hold of the object, 
till he gives way. Then praise him and play 
with hiin a little. As he progresses, send the 
object farther and insist on his restoring it to 
you. Kemember this : in training a dog, no 
more punishment must be administered, than 
iust enough to answer the ])urposc. Kecollcct 
also, that the less of reprimand you can get 
along with, the better. I have observed a gen- 
eral defect in all trained dogs ; they are too 
" hard broken ;" have been taught more to fear 
than to respect. See how sneakingly tliey 
crouch at their master's thr(at! This should 
not be. They should be engaged, as far as 
possible, to yield a willing obcdiewce. A dog 
will show his style of education, as pcrceptiblv 



DOO-TRAINING, &C. 107 

aa a child, and the mctliod pursued in his train* 
ing is calculated either to secure to him a 
career of comfort and enjoyment, or to impreg- 
nate his every movement, with a sneaking 
timidity, degrading to the brute and disrepu- 
table to his m.aster. When he fetches well and 
is carrying the object in his mouth, walk off, 
calling him to follow you. Do not go too far, 
before you take it from him ; then give it to 
hiiu again and go a little farther. Should ho 
drop it, make Iiim pick it up again, which if he 
refuse, replace it in his mouth, and make him 
cai-ry it again, and still go on, never omitting 
either to make him pick it up, or to replace it 
in his mouth yourself, every time he may drop 
it. Avoi;l liis dropping it at all, if you can, by 
not allowing him to carry it too far at first. 
When you are satislied that he knows his duty, 
he may be corrected a little or scolded upon 
every tiansgression. A basket may now be 
given him t(» cari-y, the handle of which must be 
[»lace(l straight in his mouth. lie must then 
follow with it. It should be taken from him at 
short intervals at first, (every time praising 
liim up), gradually increasing the distance as 
before, and occasionally, should he drop it, lie 



108 DOG-TRAININa, AC. 

may be made to feel his tran?frression. At all 
events, wheneA'er he drops it, he must be im- 
pressed Avith a consciousness of wrong. The 
severity of the punisliment must be irradcd ac- 
cording to the merciful judgment of the owner. 
Often a severe lecture will give great effect to 
a light chastisement. The basket should be 
thrown for liim to fetch, and should he take 
hold of it wrong, tlie handle should be present- 
ed to him, that he may take it off the ground. 

Seeldng and Fh-.ding, are also very easy to 
teach a dog, already initiated in fetching and 
carrying. In order to effec: this, when you 
have thrown anything, hold your pupil, a little, 
before you let him fetch it ; first of all a very 
short time and at a very short distance, increas- 
ing little by little both time and space. This 
being fairly accomplished, throw the object 
where he cannot see it, repeating the same 
means. Should he not find it immediately, 
pretend to help him look after it, even pointing 
it out to him, if necessary. Make him follow 
you with it a little ; then take it out of 
his mouth, drop it, unknown to him, and excite 
nim by " Look about" till he find it. Continue 
this exercise of dropping, until he is perfectly 



DOG TUATXOG, AC. 109 

familiarized to it. After this, drop or place tlie 
object in any spot, holding him in view of it at 
the same time ; then take him off a short dig- 
tance, but out of sight ; Avhisper to him '• Fetch 
t7"and let him go, that he may bring it to you. 
You may reduce all your commands to a whis- 
per, if the whisper be used conjointly with the 
regular word of command. In this manner, 
he is made clearly to understand, from having 
had a previous indication of your will. By 
dropping an article and causing him to fetch it, 
at graduated distances, he maybe trained to re- 
trieve at any length. In order to render this 
more effectual, introduce him occasionally to 
your pocket-book, gloves, handkerchief, cane, 
&c. Of course he will the more readily recog- 
nize these objects than other strange articles, 
and when dropped, he will never fail to re- 
cover them. 



BOING INTO AND FFrCHING OUT OP THE WATER. 
DIVING. 

Some dogs have such a desire for aquatic ad- 
yen tures, that they require only the sight or 



SJETTEU. 

fid, brown, or orange, liver, -tt'lnte or black; 
P'raps b ack or tan. or mottled on the hack ; 
J.ittic it matters, vliat liis Imc, or slindc, 
W "iiioly cast, ami well prnpoitionod made. 
Siu.'li stranjLje varieties ."tiring ii]» ol' late, 
rerdiance *t were vain, his salient points to 

state ; 
Ear drooping low, with neatly feathered hoir ; 
Light flowing tail, and legs well fi-ingod with 

cai c ; 
Bright serious eye, black nose, nor sl.arp, nor 

i-onnd, 
Unlike Italian or King Charley lionnd ; 
Soincihin<r in shape, in j)attern and in mould, 
Like a Newfoiiniliand, about six niont s old. 
Tho' none but si)ortsincn dare his merits scati, 
'Tis he, the ciioiccst pastime gives to man ; 
Ho fnids tlic I'.ovc.-, Woodcock. Snipe and Rail ; 
lie points the Grouse, the IMicasant, Partridge, 

Quail ; 
Like a ti-ained Rifleman, he threads his way, 
But su;lden lialts, to mark his desiined prev ; 
With foot, well poised, and every nerve astrain, 
lie holds his breath and stills his every vein ; 
With powerful nerve, his struggling vvilf denies, 
Firm as a rock tii' cncimnted victim eyes ; 
'I he (lutterinir game alone his bonds release, 
Or echo of the fatal fowlinjj piece. 



112 DOG TRAINING, AC. 

perlmps smell of the water, in moderate 
weather, to invite them in. The Newfoundland 
and Spaniel appear to have the strong^est in- 
stinctive desire for swimming', though even 
some of these require considerable encourage- 
ment and training, to make them good water- 
dogs. I have however never raised a dog 
msyclf, whether Newfoundland, St. Bernard, 
Spaniel, Terrier, &c., without having easily 
imparted to him a particular fondness for the 
water. Greyhounds, thin-coated and hairless 
dogs are the most backward, on account of their 
light covering and chilly nature. 1 have known 
hardy Bull-terriers to face the ice, better than 
a Newfoundland, no doubt to be accounted for 
by their dauntless cournge and determination, 
rather than by their fitness to resist the cold. 
A large dog is the more easily taught it, when 
young, than a pup of smaller breed, as he can 
venture farther, Avithout getting out of his 
depth. The first lesson should be in shallow 
water, or if deep, of very gentle descent, as 
young dogs are often checked, on finding them- 
selves too suddenly out of their depth. The 
pupil must be very gradually introduced to the 
watery element, by casting the object to be 



DOG-TRAIXING, &G. 113 

fetched, into shallow water, close to tlie bank, 
and taking it immediately out of bis mouth on 
landing. The distance must be daily increased, 
according to the aptness of the scholar. Care 
should be taken to make the lessons very short, 
until he is far enough advanced in practice, to 
venture freely of his own accord ; even then it 
is injurious to prolong too much the exercise, 
on account of disgusting the animal, or causing 
him to be too much chilled or exhausted. A 
dog should upon no consideration be thrown 
into the water, unless you are positively satis- 
fied he can never be tempted to venture alone. 
It will serve at any rate to purify his pelt, but 
will never make him a water-dog. Hundreds, 
who might have made good water-dogs, are 
ruined, by being forced against their will, and 
thereby scared at the very idea of drinking out 
of a pond. When you begin your instructions, 
let it be in warm summer weather, that the 
dog may feel a real pleasure in cooling himself 
oif. If you commence in cold weather, you 
may set your dog against it, by his disagreea- 
ble early impressions j therefore begin in shal- 
low-water, and in warm weather, and let his 
introductory initiations be short, easy and very 
encouraging* 



114 DOG-TRAINING, &C. 

He must be taught to dive on the same grad- 
uated principle. Let the object thrown, be a 
first barely under water, increasing its depth, 
according to progress. By way of practice, a 
tub may be used, and a piece of meat thrown 
into it, that he may be taught to immerse tlie 
whole head. In learning to fetch from the 
bottom of the water, the same article should be 
thrown, which he is perfectly willing to fetch 
on land, that he may be the more eager to take 
it. In spite of all our endeavors, entreaties, 
remonstrances and threats, some animals appear 
to be almost bomb proof, against diving lessons; 
when such is the case, their talent? should be 
diverted in another channel. Anything' that 
sinks gradually in the water is the best to 
teach with, as on seeing it sink, the animal will 
be the more likely to dip after it. A basket 
slightly weighted will answer this purpose. A 
duck Avill be found occasionally serviceable. 
One of his wings should be clipped a little, 
that he may be compelled to dive, in order to 
escape. But even a duck will not always dive. 
Whilst a dog is swimming, only one object 
ehould be allowed to engage his attention at 
once, which he should invariably be induced to 



DOG-TRAINIXG, ftC. 115 

bring ashore. If lie miss it, a stone should be 
thrown to point out the spot. But to assist in 
these swimming lessons, there is nothing like 
a well-trained water-dog ; he will teach your 
beginner more swimming in ten minutes, than 
you cnn urge on him in a week. Dogs who in- 
dicate no aqueous desire whatever, will often 
suddenly change their ideas, when another 
leads the way, erpecially if the latter be a com 
panion. When once thoroughly initiated, he 
is far better alone, as in fetching together, they 
are apt to get in each other's way, and are 
likewise rather subject to quarrel. A live rat 
to a rat dog or others is a great temptation. 
Any other animal demonstration may be devis- 
ed, should the canine prove unwilling from or- 
dinary excitants. 



GOING UP STAIRS, GOING DOWN STAIRS, KEEPINfl 
OUT OF DOORS, STAYING IN DOORS, 

These are very simple things to teach, and 
as easily understood by the most ordinary of 
canine intelk-its. Here, tlie teacher's coaxinjjr. 



116 DOG-TRAINING. &C. 

is of little service. At first a person should be 
posted at the top of the stairs, wliilst the mas 
ter stands at the bottom with his dog. The 
former must call whilst the latter seconds him 
by saying " Go up stairs Sir,'^ and if necessa- 
ry should add the twig to his gentle rebukes, in 
which case tlie student will be delighted to escape 
tlie blows, to rush to the protecrion of a friend. 
This repeated a few times, aconipanied with 
the command " Up stairs" &c., will soon be 
thoroughly understood, after which the word 
alone will be sufficient, and l)y practice even a 
whisper. If he be slow of 'Comprehension or 
backward in obedience, your iViend at the top 
of the Stairs may tempt him with a light re- 
frcslimcnt. The ^'Doiun stairs Sir,'' may be 
efl'ected in the same way, simply by reversing 
the position of master and assistant, llecollect, 
practice makes perfect, and that good humor 
will ensure constant obedience, while severity 
and crabbedncss are forbidding to the whole 
animal creation. Accustom your dog to signs, 
accompanying his every act of submission, and 
test him often by a Avhisper. Your distance 
from the stairs may be increased, according to 
progress. To kc^p a dog from entering a house, 



DOO-TRAINING, &C. 117 

when the door is ojien. keep in some suitable 
Bpot, a long twig or whip ; let it suddenly re- 
mind him, that he is decidedly out of place. Say 
nothing to him, till after the stripe is given, 
and then simply '-Outy If the family agree to 
this method of treatment, a few simple cracks 
will not fail to keep him in his place ; but, if in- 
vited in, he will not fail to take advantage of 
the indulgence, in the absence of his monitors. 
The door should be occasionally left open, in 
order to test him, whilst a person is concealed 
close by. ready to administer chastisement una- 
Avares. This will be effectual, as he will always 
be suspicious, when no one is at hand. He should 
also be tempted by a visitor, to walk in for a 
piece of meat, when he should be suddenly 
checked by an unseen hand, so that eventually 
no temptation will be of any avail, and the 
choicest viands will be secure from his attacks. 
In the city especially, it will be well to keep 
your dog from going out, when the strcctdoor 
is open. This may be effected by using the 
same means, in the street, that are recommended 
for the house. A stranger should tempt him 
outside, whilst the master is in ambush to greet 
him with a twio; and the word " /;;." The door 



118 DOG-TRAINING, &C. 

may now and then be left open, whilst the dog 
is watched and cffectnally taught that he must 
not go out, without his master, or a privileged 
inmate of the house. 



JUMPING THROUGH A HOOP ; OVER A STICK, &C. 
DOWN DEAD. STAND FIRE. 

"Necessity is the mother of invention," 
particularly so, where the digestive organs are 
at stake. The safest and most expeditious 
method of teaching a dog how to jump through 
a hoop, is to hold a piece of meat, on the other 
side of it, denying him all other access lo it, 
except by going through. The hoop must be so 
held or placed, that he can neither get over, 
under or round. At first he may be awkward, 
and blunder through it, but necessity and \)thc- 
tice will soon make him expert. As he pro- 
gresses, the temi)tation may be withdrawn; 
still a stranger should not be allowed to 
practice him, Avithout paying his fee. 

When the dog has been taught to lie down 
at command, he must be made to remain 



DOa-TUAlNINO, AC. 119 

stretched at full length and severely threatened, 
if he offer to stir. He must then be pulled along 
by the tail and then by the leg, whilst you still 
insist on hia perfect and motionless submission, 
which must absolutely be enforced at all 
hazards. This must be repeated in short and 
easy doses, until lie remains perfectly still. Al- 
though this lesson will require great hrmnesa 
and decision, his temperature must be taken 
into serious consideration, for, if you do not 
keep him in decent humor, you will render him 
the more intractable. If therefore he be of the 
snappish caste, you should grade your exactions 
accordingly. You may also test his deadness 
by making him stand lire, while you strike all 
round him with a stick, call him by name, &c., 
but he must only rise at the word " Up." 
You may then use any expression you think 
proper terminating with the word " Up" when 
of course he will briskly start up, regardless 
certainly of the Avords preceding it. For in- 
stance : you may say " If thieves were in the 
house, I don't believe that dog would get " up." 
He will appear to understand it all, and spring 
up immediately. The word " Oy should bo 
pronounced with emphasis enough to attract 



WATER SPANIEL. 

Of him, the trifold merits we demand, 

Of Pointer, Beagle and of Newfoundland ; 

Active, intellifrent, determined, spry, 

In huntin,!^ qualities, with Hound may vie. 

With Pointer, trace the Woodcock, Snipe op 

Hare, 
Or with Newfoundland, suiginjr waters dare. 
In form compact, in temper faultless too. 
In pluck and vigilance excelled by few ; 
Best of retrievers, in all climates'good. 
For river, swamp, or brake, or thorny wood, 
Of liver color, oft'tiraes mixed with white, 
The king of Spaniels, if but tutored right; 
Largest of all, in limb more firmly set, 
Fondest of all the Genus Canis yet ; 
Robust in frame, with soft and curling hair, 
Except the head, which should be somewhat 

bare ; 
An eye full beaming with expression kind. 
Bespeaks his friendship and his trut!i combined- 
An car, with graceful ringlets drooping low. 
His limbs well clad and feathered to the toe. 
Although Dogographers oft' disagree, 
Metliinks his race original must be ; 
Old England boasts the honor of his birth, 
His fame acknowledged and esteemed his 
worth, 



-_j 



133 DOG-TRAINING, AC. 

Lis attention, and still not to make it appt?ar in^ 
tentional. He must be practiced with " Up 
and Down" till lie obeys instantly. All sorts 
of exciting words may be addressed to hira, 
when dead, but the teacher must on no account 
allow him to stir, except to one command. An 
asr^istant will be useful to excite him in every 
way to rise, while his master insists on perfect 
" Dead." Be easy, firm and decided in your 
commands, and appear to be highly delighted 
in their execution, always allowing intervals 
for a frolic, between yourself and your pupil. 
You should never lose sight of this in your 
teacliings. It is not so essential after the dog 
is thoroughly trained, but even then, it should 
be often resorted to, as an incentive to willing 
submission. 



BTEADY ! WITH MEAT ON THE DOG's NOSE. MEAT 
IN HIS MOUTH, NOT TO BE EATEN. 

Place a piece of meat on the dog's nose ; 
keep him steady with it there, till you have 
sloivly counted "ten" repeating fuller the last 



DOG-TRAINING, &0. 123 

number " Te»," after which, give him liberty to 
eat it. Repeat this manner, a few times ; then 
make him keep perfectly still at the word 
".S7mc/?/," without touching him, after Avhich 
the counting alone will soon be sufficient. Il 
fcc; let it fall, before the ten is fully counted, 
he must be reprimanded or corrected and the 
operation resumed. During the lesson, he 
should have nothing given him, except after the 
word '^ Ten." 

This being got through with, you may allow 
him to take a bit of meat or anything nice in 
his mouth. At first, press his jaws gently, while 
you are counting ; should he attempt to bite it, 
he must be checked and the pressure increased, 
repeating tlie word " Steady." When the ten 
is up, allow him to swallow it. Repeat this, 
after the same fashion, till you are satisfied he 
knows his duty; after you may give him the 
l)ait in his mouth, trusting to his education 
alone. Again repeat, ''Steady" and go on 
counting. Should he unfortunately swallow it, 
you must correct him according to your judg- 
ment, and commence another trial. As he be- 
comes accustomed to his duty, you may count 
slower, and occasionally pause, to test his pa- 



124 DOG-TRAINING, AC. 

tieno€. To try liim more severely, exercise 
him when you know he is hungry. In any ol 
your teaciiings, should you find it necessary, 
you may keep the dog within bounds, by a 
chain and collar, although it should be avoided, 
as far a? possible. Nevertlieless, it may occa- 
sionally be indispensable, to restrain the unruly 
or to embolden the timid. With animals, 
whose early tuition has been neglected, it may 
bo tlie more necessary, as a more decisive treat- 
ment is requisite, and in many cases, we need 
tlie absolute power of correction, without ad- 
mitting a chance of retaliation or escape. 



FETCHIXG FROM TriE STORE. CARRYING TO A 
GIVEN POINT. 

A Dor.. well versed in ordinary fetching and 
carrying, will require only a little directing 
and discretionary management, to enable him to 
execute many little useful errands to a neigh- 
boring store, or even at a considerable distance. 
It would not be advisable to practice it much 



DOG-TRAINING, &C. 125 

11 the City, unless the animal is watclied. as the 
poor creature runs a great risk of abuse, with 
out any chance of redress, and such an expo- 
sure might prove injurious both to his pliysical 
and mental developments, by deterring him 
from similiar adventures for the future, to say 
nothing of the risk of his coming in contact 
with a new master. The same means recom- 
mended for " Going -up and down stairs^' must 
be resorted to here. When he is taugiit to 
fetcli the basket, it may be left in a Store or 
elsewhere, whence he should be made to fetch 
it out ; (See " Fetching^') first only at a short 
distance, and in sight. When this is done, a 
person in the store, should call the dog, who 
holds the basket in his mouth, while standing 
by his master, who orders him to go to the 
store, the person in the store should take the 
basket out of his mouth, and replace it shortly 
after, adding the v'/)rd "Back" and giving him 
signs to return to his master, who should call 
him at the same time. After a few repetitions 
of Backioards and Forwards, aided by the sec- 
ond person, the owner may begin by sending 
him alone, not forgetting to finish witli the 
word •' Store," at every command. He should 



COCKER SPANIEL. 

jfn size Pifteen. to thirty pounds betwixt; 
Of liver color, or with white commixed ; 
Lively and gay, intelligent and spry ; 
Ears pendant, (lowing Jiair, endearing- eye : 
For Snipe or Woodcock, Rail, and such like 

game. 
Well known his worth, indelible his fame ; 
Where Pointer, Setter cease their game to trace, 
lie rushes to their covert hiding place. 
Like the Scotch terrier, threads liis sinuous way, 
Nor tangled briars, his onward movement stay; 
Ever afield and ever in again, 
Careful he scours the wood and scans the plain, 
Keturning oft', to seek his master's will ; 
Anxious his joyous mission to fulfil. 
Look where you may, among the canine mass, 
In scenting powers, the Cocker none surpass: 
Li learning apt, and fawning in his ways ; 
True i'l affection, sensitive to praise ; 
Excels in memory, passing'fond of fire, 
While yet for water, native, his desire. 
Jf e'er to man, decreed a friend above, 
His looks are fondness, and his actions love ; 
No treatment harsh, or cruel, or unjust, 
Can e'er seduce him from his wonted tru&t. 



138 DOG-TRAINING, AC. 

invariably be encouragod by both parties and 
occasionally have a penny to spend for himself. 
When he goes entirely on his own account, 
another and a different kind of basket should le 
used, so that he may be taught to distinguish 
between his own private aff^airs and the busi- 
ness of his master. A penny may be wrapped 
up, which he may be sent to lay oat for himself, 
which of course, should be spent for something 
eatable. If he were taught this invariably at 
regular hours, he would as certainly come at 
the appointed time for his penny, as for his reg- 
ular meals. By this simple way of training, a 
dog may be rendered highly serviceable, in the 
country ; he can fetch the milk from a neighbor- 
ing farm, supply the kitchen with wood, do all 
the little errands at the store, and make him- 
self generally useful. Much time need not be 
devoted to educate an animal thoroughly ; con- 
stant habit and experience will work wonders 
on him. Only feed a dog three days in succes- 
Rion, at the same hour, if you omit the fourth, 
you may be sure he will remind you of it. Correct 
him three times for the same transgression, and 
he will scarcely ever require another reprimand. 
His momorv surpasses in manv things, that ol 

5 



DOG-TRA t N 1 SQ, AC . 120 

the human race, and he is alike the creature ol 
habit and circumstance. Let your lessons be 
short and regular ; make them as pleasing and 
exciting as you can, and your pupil will always 
be up and ready, cheerful and willing to exe- 
cute either your nod or your whisper. Is it 
not worth while to rise a quarter of an hour 
earlier (if necessary) for a few months, to edu- 
cate a faithful friend, who will be rendei-ed the 
happier, by devoting his whole life to your use- 
ful service. 



TEACH YOUR BOG TO CALL YOU, AT A REGULAR 
HOUR. 

Although the Dog may be considered disin- 
terested in his aflVyction and fidelity to his 
owner, he is nevertlieless as really alive to his 
own interests, as is the master, whom he serves. 
lie has the same animal wants, is born with 
the same natural desires and necessities, Avhich 
are absolutely essential to his support and pro- 
tection. Self-interest is the most important 
and the absolutely indispensable ground-work 



130 Don-THAiNixo, .tn. 

nf all the acquirements of the master ami hia 
dog. The dog must be made to enjoy the dis- 
play of his talents, by hopes of encouragement 
or reward, else he will be slow to obey and 
difficult to instruct. 

If you wish your favorite to arouse you at 
any |)articular hour of the morning, the hour 
sliould be definitely fixed on. If he be fed at 
that time only, it. will greatly lacilitate his 
memory and absolutely ensure his punctual at- 
tendnnce. The master should regularly call 
'his dog to the door of his sleeping apartment, 
at the time required, and give him some very 
palatable refreshment ; after which he should 
be gently ordered away. This treatment 
should be continued, until the student be con- 
stantly found at liis post without being called. 
On tlie master's calling, the bed-room door 
should be left open for several times, so that 
the animal may clearly understand where 
he is to go ; after which it may be closed and 
his visit awaited inside. Sliould Iil' fail to at- 
tend at the usual hour, he should be called and 
the door closed, so that he may knock or 
scratch for admission. This of course must be 
repeated according to the aptness of the pupil. 



DOG-TRAlNtNG, &C. 



131 



If, after this lie sliould be at liis post, and make 
no importunate efforts at the door, lie should 
be called from the inside, which will excite 
him to attempt a forcible entr}'. By repeating 
this a few times, if you fail to call him, he will 
get impatient and knock at the door. Be very 
careful to be mild in your commands, when 
you order him down stairs, or he might other- 
wise be led to conclude that he was forbidden 
to come up. Give him his fee, pat, flatter and 
gently dismiss him. If you please, you may 
cause him to lie on a mat, outside your cham- 
ber till you are ready to go down, when you 
should take him out of doors and exercise him 
in a little frolic, &c. This would be*au extra 
inducement to his regular attendance. 




TO ;\IAKE TRUSTY WATCH DOGS AND 
GOOD RATTERS. 



Barking is the peculiar prerogative of Dog- 
dom. By many, an animal that makes an in- 
cessant yelping, disturbing his master and 
annoying his neighbors, is considered a frst 
rate watch dog. This is certainly a false crite- 
rion : a baseless conclusion. An animal that 
is really good, will not be annoyed by the dis- 
tant yelling of ill-bred mongrels, neither will 
he be excited by every form that crosses within 
his gaze, nor will he exercise his voice nnlesa 
he have some cause of suspecting a trespass on 
his domain. 

Wiien a dog barks without sufficient cause, 
he should invariably be checked. Should he 
persist in making unnecessary noises of any 
kind, you should wait concealed, somewhere 
near him, so as to catch him in tlie act, and 



WATCH DOGS, RATTERS, &C. 133 

punish him accordingly, to the tune of " 7«, 
S/r." A few light and timely corrections will 
suffice to silence him, and impose on him a sal* 
iitary dread of your presence, and should he occa* 
sionally forget himself, a simple " In Sir" will 
take a wonderful effect on him. On the other 
hand, he should be excited to vigilance in the 
right direction, and should be praised in all 
lawful efforts to ward off the attacks of the in- 
vader. He sliould have the extent of his range 
clearly pointed out to him, and be also discour- 
aged in any attempt to pass the boundaries of 
his stewardship. It is well to walk round 
the premises with him occasionally, and excite 
him at anything nearing his bounds, at the 
same time, peremptorily checking him, should 
he attempt to cross the barrier. He should 
not be allowed many acquaintances, neither 
should he be permitted to follow any but hi3 
master. A stranger may be employed to strike 
against the fence, or annoy him at his kennel. 
Should he appear listless, he should be urged 
to the attack. A bullock's or horse's head, or 
a large bone of meat may be given him, when 
he is chained, and should it fail to render him 



134 WATCH-DOGS, RATTKPS, &C. 

watchful, a stranger should poke it occasionally 
with a long pole. He should not however l>e 
allowed to gnaw his bone too near, when hun- 
gry. A hard bone is very wearing to the 
teeth of a hungry animal ; but I consider it" a 
benefit to a cei'tain extent, if the animal be not 
too hard set with hunger, to injure his teeth. 

If you wish him to seize every stranger he 
sees, you should make the effigy of a man and 
encourage him to fly at and tear it, and whilst 
you hold on to his chain, set him at any indi- 
viduals who may be willing to second your ef- 
forts in making him a "regular grabber." If 
he have any original grit, you may temper his 
disposition to any grade of severity : either re- 
ducing it to a lower standard, by introducing 
him to society, accustoming; him to strangers, 
keeping him always unchained, checking him in 
his barks, snaps and growls, feeding him on a 
farinaceous or vegetable diet, allowing him to 
accompany a variety of persons, placing him 
in a situation where there is a great deal of 
passing ; in fine, you may, by constant checks 
and tyrannous severity subdue his hyena-tem- 
perament, till he becomes scared at the rustling 
of a leaf, or the creak of a shutter. It must 



WATCH-t)OGS, RATTERS, AC. 135 

then be left to j'onr own judgment, to mould 
Iiini to your will, to direct, moderate or excite 
his instinctive and reasoning developcmciits. 
In the selection of a full grown guard-dog, 
whose character is already formed, of course, 
/ou must be somewhat governed by the position 
and extent of the premises, to be committed to 
his charge, and the nature of the services to be 
required of him. If you prefer raising one 
from 0, puppy, I should recommend a Newfound- 
land, St. Bernard, or a cross between the two. 
as calculated to make the best family-dogs, 
which from being generally admired by ev 
ery one and less liable to ill-usage, are noble 
and frank in their deportment, free from treach< 
ery, less ferocious, yet more powerful and impo- 
sing than canines of minor growth. 

They are in the habit of holding without 
tearing, watching without yelping, and with a 
slight knowledge of the world, readily distin- 
guishing the man of business from the sneaking 
beggar, welcoming legitimate visitors,yetdeuy« 
ing admission to suspicious invaders. 

In spite of all risk and trouble, I decidedh'' 
prefer raising my own dog, as I then know 
exttpthj what he is. Should he not equal my 



KIISG CHARLES' DOG. 

A perfect specimen of Chnrlcy hound : 
Of all canines tlie rarest to be found. 
His points arc eight, yet, if in ougljt he lack, 
Like a base counterfeit, we send liim Ijack. 
Head, eye and ear, nose, coat, shape, color, size: 
In- these combined, the stamp of beauty lies. 
Head, full and round, large eye, projecting clear, 
With short snub nose, and long well feallicred 

ear ; 
Ten pounds, or less may be allowed to weigh ; 
The smaller, the more valuable they say. 
Well siiapcd his form, nor should a hair of 

white, 
A doubt of his royal pedigree invite ; 
Of glossy coat, with raven locks beset, 
Face, breast and limb of tan, and body jet. 
To Second Charles of England, owes his name, 
A regal gift from Second Charles of Sj)ain. 
Although, since then two hundred years have 

flown. 
Still fashions favorite, as when first was known, 
He wears liis honors, with becoming pride, 
Jealous with ought his tribute to divide. 
Flattered by all, the menial and the great, 
On him the Page and powdered Flunkey wait ; 
On velvet couch, with Royalty reclines. 
And with the queen, and heir presumptive dines. 



138 



WATCIIDOfiS. RATTERS. &C. 



anticipations, I should attribute it to rn}- own 
neglect, provided lie were the offspring of un- 
doubted 1}^ good stock. There may be excep- 
tions, though it has not hith.ei'to been my misfor- 
tune to encounter one. 

For a good Rat-dog, select either a Scotch or 
an English Terrier. Scotch is the hardiest and 
stands the most work. When he is young, 
give him something he can kill, without being 
much punished, a small rat on a string, or a 
mnufc. Put him often at a rat hole to scratch. 
K you can, let him be with an old killer, that 
lie may sec the performance. Excite liim well, 
before you let him have the rat. Don't let him 
pound him much after he is dead, don't hunt 
him on a full stomach to disgust him with the 
taste of the rat, nor allow him to kill many at 
£rst. 




n 



ON THE TRAINING OF FIGHTING 
DOGS. 



As I am particularly requested to compound 
a chapter on the training of fighting-dogs, for 
tlie satisfaction of the curious, I will endeavor 
to present a few general ideas on the subject, 
for some of which, I beg to acknowledge my in- 
debtedness to a learned professor of the art. 
The subject is grating to the ear of most peo- 
ple of refinement, by Avhom the practice of 
Dog-fighting is justly condemned as neitlier re- 
spectable nor moral. Simply testing the cour- 
age and endurance of particular breeds of ani- 
mals, (whose valor we are anxious to prove, in 
order to satisfy ourselves of tlie intrinsic merits 
of tlie stock as guardians, hunters, &c.), may 
perhaps be pardonable, to a certain extent, as 
these virtues are important ingredients in the 
component parts of a trustworthy companion 



140 TRAINING OF FIGHTING-DOGS. 

& 1(1 defender; but that an animal,wliose pluck has 
been thorouglily verified, should be teased, torn 
and tortured, solely to &ati;:-iy the depraved 
taste of the thoughtless and desperate, few 
would dare to assert. However strange it may 
appear, the owner of a fighting-dog is perhaps 
as careful and tender over him, as the lady 
with her parlor-pet. Tiie s'ightest insult offer- 
ed to his dog would be a personal challenge to 
himself, and although the animal may be de- 
voted by his guardian to battle and death, the 
poor confiding brute is greedy of the honor of 
perishing in defence of him, who sacrifices his 
only disinterested friend, to reap the benefit of 
his sufferings and the glory of his scars. 

These dogs (Bulls and Bull-terriers) are 
decidedly the most courageous, but not natural- 
ly more quarrelsome than others ; but no 
sooner can they run, than their latent passions 
are excited and thoir courage put to the test; 
they are perhaps secluded from rcfpectable 
associates at the end of a four foot-chain, there to 
be aggravated, poked and worried by their 
owners and others, through whose instrumen- 
tality they ai-e defamed, dreaded and despised. 

A dog, to be in good fe-ttle and condition for 



TRATNTNG OP FIOIITING-DOOS. 141 

fighting, must not be allowed to carry moro 
flesh than is necessary for his health, and that 
should be firm and solid. When he is matched 
to light at a certain weight or under, he has 
generally to be reduced or increased in weight ; 
more commonly the former. In either case, at 
the com.mencement of his training, the animal 
sliould be (what is technically termed), purged 
out. His stomach must be first cleansed by 
about two grains of Tartar emetic. On the 
following day, he should iiavc small doses of 
castor-oil or other opening medicine, every 
two or three hours, until his bowels are thor- 
oughly purified. When this is efi'ccted, the 
renovation, by care, regular bracing exercise 
and di^t, begins. The food should be of the 
most nonrishing kind, yet great care must be 
taken not to overload the stomach. He must 
be fed lightly three times a day, so that he may 
be enabled to stand the repeated and arduous 
exercises to which he must be subjected, as his 
endurance has to be tested by as much hard 
work, as he can bear. Good beef, broiled and 
very little blood left in it, should be his diet, 
with hard biscuit occasionally, or his diet may 
be varied if occasion require. No blood, raw 



142 TRAINING OP FIGHTING-DOGS. 

meat, liver or vegetables may be givcD him. 
The quantity given him must depend on hia 
appetite, his condition, and the amount of flesh 
to be worked off by exercise. He should be 
allowed very little water ; at the same time, 
fever from thirst should be carefully guarded 
against; tlierefore he may have little and often, 
that he may require the less. He should be 
kept in a sufficiently wai-m temperature, and 
not exposed to cither cold or heat. Should 
he be taken out in the cold air, his loins should 
becoTcred, andhe mustbekeptmoving atabrisk 
pace. He had better not be exercised out of 
doors, either in hot or cold weather, excepting 
early in the morning in summer. As to the ways 
in which he may be exercised, they are various : 
the harder the work in reason, the better. A 
stuffed bag may be suspended from the cicling, 
and when the dog is muzzled, he should be ex- 
cited to seize it. A large ball may be rolled 
for him to run after, or he may run a few miles 
occasionally at a brisk pace, following a horse. 
These exercises must be persisted in as far as he 
can conveniently bear, which must bclel't to the 
judgment of his trainer, but the animal should 
never be allowed to exhaust himself too much 



TRAINING OP FIGHTIXG-DOOS. 143 

at once, or to suffer for want of food or water. 
If his bowels should become too constipated, a 
little magnesia may be given him, perhaps an 
injection of soap buds, or his exercise may be 
increased. If he should be in anyAvise relaxed, 
his beef slionld be more cooked, his biscuit 
more baked and his exercise diminished for a 
season. However no powerful purgative should 
be given, uidess in case of an absolute stoppage. 
While it is highly important that he should 
not be overfed, he must not be reduced below 
his strength. As a safeguard against a mis- 
take of this kind, he should be Aveighed every 
morning before feeding. His best lighting and 
most healthy weight should be ascertained, as 
it is safer to give one's adversary the advant- 
age of a pound or tAvo than to reduce one's dog 
below his real fighting standard. The less 
your dog has been accustomed to exercise, tlie 
more time should you demand previous to his 
fighting ; as courage without endurance is a 
common defect in dogs, who have not been thor- 
ouglily h.irdened to toil ; and many a p-lucky 
animal has turned for want of breath, when he 
had courage enough to face a hundred deaths. 
Fn hasty matches, dogs are often rapidly sweat- 



144 



TUAINING OP FIGHTING- DOGS. 



ed down, which is very disadvantageous to 
them and ouglit to be avoided. The amount 
of food ought not to be much shortened too 
suddenly, but a little more or less every meal. 
After hard exercise the animal should be well 
rubbed and well oovej-ed. 




COMPARATIVE VIRTUES OE POINTER 
AND SETTER. 



Much has been said with regard to the respec- 
tive merits of Pointer and Setter. Some 
Sportsmen stoutly man tain that the Pointer is 
far the superior, whilst others aver that the 
Setter is greatly to be preferred. Each how- 
ever, has his distinctive merits. He, who has 
been the owner of a few good Pointers, and has 
chanced to be the proprietor of a bad Setter 
or two, is inclined to believe that the Setter 
must be the inferior, and vice versa. 

Tliis is a wholesale mistake, yet by nomeajis 
a common yet unfair inference. The Setter is 
hardier, stands his work better in cold weather, 
is generally superior as a water-dog, bolder in 
thick cover and less suspectible to injury by 
Lliorns. &c. The Pointer stands the heat bet* 



a .^xv^""' 




BLENHEIM SPANIEL. 



BLEf^HEIM SPANIEL. 

Of Chariey stock, in shape and feature par, 
If nonglit contend his regal stamp to mar ; 
Orange and white, the genuine it is said, 
Or black and white, with features tinged with 

red. 
Descended from an ancient Spanish race, 
In vain, his prime original we trace ; 
Once a famed hunter, of Castilian state, 
Tho' since enfeebled and effeminate ; 
So elegant, so highly bred and so genteel. 
These honored traits his pedigree reveal ; 
His virtuous failings, that once vice were 

deemed, 
His passive dignity, now most esteemed. 
If ousrlit of preference 'twixt the two be found, 
Yield it in favor of the Charley hound ; 
TliG latter fuller tassclled, more compact, 
With larger eye and feature more exact. 
I've oft' remarked, with beasts of every grade, 
Hardier and healthier is the darker shade ; 
This in a measure may perchance explain, 
Why Charley more of vigor may retain. 
As Charley's virtues are of Blenheim true, 
It l)odes me not his merits to review ; 
If further scrutiny, your thoughts engage, 
Please turn to Charley, on the othor page. 



148 VIRTUES OF Pointer and setter. 

ter, can travel farther witliout water, is consid- 
ered leas di-nicult to break and less lieadstrong 
in tlic field. Tiic one sutfcrs more from the 
cold, the other from the heat. A Setter ap- 
pears to forirct his training more easily tlian a 
Pointer; the only way in whicli I can accotmt 
for it, is the mixture of Spaniel to whicli I be- 
lieve the former is partly indebted for his ori- 
gin. If either can boast of originality of race, 
I should certainly, (contrary to the general 
opinion) attribute it to the Pointer, who shows 
no trace of Spaniel, and cannot have inherilcd 
his bird-hunting and stationary instinct from 
tho Foxhound, from whom he is said by Natural- 
ists to have descended. To the Setter appears 
to belong tho stubborn wildness of the Spaniel. 
The Pointer if not delicately reared or too 
finely bred, will stand on the average as much 
work as the Setter. 

The color of a hunting dog is of some little 
importance. Dark colors absorb the rays of 
the sun much more than light ones, and are 
consequently less adapted for hot climates. In 
hot weather, the Pointer may be said to be 
preferable to the Setter on account of the 
lightness of his dress, althonsh Hie sun itself 



VIRTUES OF POINTER AND SETTER. 



149 



would take more effect on the thin-coated Poia 
ter, than on the thicker covering of the Setter 
whereas tlic air, which would keep a Pointer 
cool, would scarcely be felt through the heavy 
dress of the Setter. 

Before we decide then, which is to be prefer- 
red, the Pointer or Setter, let us take into con- 
sideration Breed, Habits, Climate. Weather, 
Country, &c., and stake our opinions accord- 
ingly. 




TRAINIXG AND BREAKING POINTERS 
AND SETTERS. 



r AM not aware that there is anything m^'ster- 
ious in the art of training a Sporting-Dog ; 
although it might be inferred from the scarcity 
of thoroughly broken aniuials, either that it 
were a secret, revealed only to a few profes- 
sional Brenkers, or that few ever made the 
attempt, either from lack of time, talent or self 
confidence. This may be sufficient to form a 
plausible reason for neglecting the education 
of the Spoi-ting-Dog ; though, after all, to come 
when he is called, and to do as he is bid, is 
about all that the most scrupulous could exact 
from him ; the balance must be left to develop 
itself in his own native instinct and sagacity. 
It necessarily follows that an early education 
is of the highest importance. It is then that 



TRAINING POINTERS AND SETTERb. 151 

his habits are foi-med, his powers developed 
nnd his submission secured. Should he not b 
introduced to his fielding or training, till he 
has nearly reached hisgrov/th, he can be hroken. 
it is true, but with far greater difficulty, and at 
the risk of annihilating the noblest qualities of 
his nature. He will be always more or less 
difficult of restraint and will require pretty 
constant exercise to remind him of his duty ; 
whereas, with an early and judicious course of 
moderate instruction and implicit obedience, 
he is well brought up, and when more fully de- 
veloped, requires but a slight introduction 
into any new field of labor, to arouse his 
already well organized intellect. 

Breaking is certainly a very appropriate 
term for pounding bad habits out of canine 
pelts ; habits, which never could have been 
contracted, had ordinary attention been paid 
to early tuition. When animals commence 
their training after months of entire freedom 
from restraint, severity is often necessary, as 
they become so naturally self-willed, as abso- 
lutely to require Brcnl-ing. It is the easiest 
tiling in tlie world to prevent a bad habit, but 
often next to an impossibility to restrain it. 



152 TRAINING POINTERS AND SETTERS. 

It is a common old Proverl) "It's hard to 
teach an old dog, new tricks." but. hard indeed 
as it is, it has continually to le done, yet is 
often done so impei-fcctly, and I may add so 
improperly, that a Avell-traincd dog is au excep- 
tion, to the army of half-broken ones ; so that 
sportsmen are continually in trouble, for want 
of a tirst-rate dog. One is too wild ; anotlier 
isn't staunch; a third won't fetch his game ; 
the fourth isn't under good command ; the 
fifth pounds his bird ; the sixth won't take the 
Avater ; the seventh bolts at the first scolding ; 
the eighth is apt to take after rabbits and 
squirrels ; the ninth won't point the dead liird ; 
the tenth is often inclined to disobedience or 
may follow another Sportsman, who may offer 
him a bait. I could enlarge on the defects of 
many vominaJIy hroJien dogs, but fear I may be 
accused of doing so already. I enumerate 
these vices, simply to repeat, that were they 
early taught and brought up to habits of im- 
plicit obedience, these failings would seldom or 
never occur. 

In the first place, if you wish to raise a 
Sporting Dog, get two ; so that if one should 
die, you may still have one left. If one be 



TKAINISO POlNTKRri A NO SKTTKRS. 153 

better than tlin other, keep the best ; if they bo 
both good, one will pay the otlier's debts, if you 
feel inclined to dispose of him ; though I 
decidedly recommend \ou to Itcep them both. 
See that tliey are the offspring of gcod and^ 
healthful stock. If you have the choice of a 
pup, select the strongest, the boldest, the hand- 
somest of the litter. Nothing like a little f re 
to woric upon. "The wildest colt generally 
makes the best horse." As to color, it is mere 
fancy, nnd in my opinion amounts to nothing, 
except in as far as climate is concerned, or the 
color of the ground you may be called to shoot 
over. I do not imagine for a moment that the 
dog himself is the better for being cither white, 
black, orange or liver, but alight color is cer- 
tainly preferable in a hot climate, as the sun 
has less effect on it. I refer you to several of 
the ])receding •' Dog Tricks," which will assist 
you in training a Sporting Dog, as well as any 
other breed, such as : "■ Doivn, seek and find, 
fvlch and carry ^ going in the ivafer, going on, 
keeping in, ^"c." 

This is all very well, but a Sporting Dog, 
requires somewhat more than this ; he must be 
trained to hunt, must be practiced in finding 



154 TKA1MX(; POINTERS AND SETTERS. 

his game, quartering his ground, &c., he will 
require continual restraint and must be kept 
within reasonable distance of his master. If he 
only be well bred, he will need but little ex- 
. citement to attend to his work. His natural 
instincts will only require directing or restrain- 
ing to suit his master's will. His habits of 
implicit obedience may be formed either in or 
out of the field, but he should be brought to 
practice as early as possible in tlie theatre of 
his glory. 

There are only two points to be attended to 
in Dog-training, these are : first, what the 
animal shall be compelled not to do, and sec- 
ondly, W'hat he shall be taught and induced to 
do. The first point is far more easily overcome 
than the second, and simply consists in decided 
checks on all his attempts, either to enforce 
his own will or to act in defiance of that of his 
master. The second requires somewhat more 
of knowledge, judgment, insight, patience and 
discretion than the first. It consists in mod- 
erating and directing his natural powers, en- 
gaging them to be subservient to your will, and 
in moulding them to act well the part they are 
destined to perform. 



TRAINING POINTERS AND SETTERS. 157 

Let US suppose him then, perfectly v/p to the 
mark of Down charue ! Come in ! Keep in ! 
Hie on ! Seek and find, fetch, carry, go in the 
water ! (according to previous lessons), or at 
any rate perfectly obedient, as far as he has 
been taught. We will now teach him, or rath- 
er let him show us how to find the game, ttc. 
By way of trial, suppose we get a live quail or 
partridge, clip its wing, attach a string to its 
leg and let it run a hundred yards or so in 
diflcrent directions, to test his nose, (a dead 
bird may be dragged along, if alive one cannot 
be obtained). Select a good sized field, drag it, 
or let it run in Ibiir ditferent directions, set the 
dog on the scent, so that if he go wrong, you may 
direct and encourage him to hunt r» the right 
direction. When you finish dragging, put the 
bird in a box and test the actions of your dog, 
making him* Steady, &c., as he approaches it. 
Where game is abundant, of course this sham 
hunt need not often be resorted to, although a few 
minutes may occasionally be found for practice 
at home, when there is no spare time even for 
a short shooting-trip. " Down charge" may 
be taught to be obeyed by the discharge of the 
gun, if the report be often made to accompany 



MASTIFF. 

§eriou3 and stern, majestic, brave and bold, 

The Baroa's pride, in Halcyon days of old, 
Escutclieoued oft, by knights and men of state 
The dreaded guardian of the castle gate. 
His head, somewhat the contour of the Bull, 
With pendant ear, deep chest, both broad and 

full : 
In color red. or tawny, by the by, 
Deep hanging Jowl, black lip, and threatening 

eye : 
His coat close set, .o.u :!LorIdcr doubly strong, 
From tip to tip, lie may be six feet long. 
By massive wails and poaderous bars confined, 
Alone, he reigns, contented and resigned ; 
Heedless of danger, marks no distant sound, 
Solemn and pensive, stalks his dreary round : 
The thiefs detector, and tl»e foeman's dread. 
Silent and listful, notes each stealthy tread ; 
Honest, ingenuous, true in all his ways, 
Emblem of safety, in the bygone days. 
Let not degenerate stock his name disgrace, 
Nor soil the virtues of this noble race ; 
Dauntless of yore, and just as sturdy now, 
He bears the stamp of England on his brov? j 
Earnest in friendship, and of candor full, 
Distant to Strang, rs, like a true John Bull. 



IGO TRATNrjfG POINTERS AND SETTHR8. 

tlic command, but many have a crcat objection 
to it, as the dog may be often checked in liis 
duty, by the discliarge of another fowling piece. 
This may be left however, to the option of the 
owner. Quartering the ground is not difficult 
to teach, but requires considerable good iiumor 
and eucouragcnent, accompanied by ■' Hie on'^ 
and the wave of the hand in the required direc- 
tion. Should he take the wrong beat, he 
should at first be recalled and rodirectcil, and 
thus continually exercised in following the 
voice, accompanied by the wave of the hand, 
so that he may be eventually commanded and 
directed by the hand alone. Various methods 
are adopted by Breakers to teach dogs to obey 
their commands. I have seen many a poor 
animal with his neck in wounds by the use of 
the force collar, (a strap lined inside with 
spikes, or a string of spiked balls) to pun- 
ish the poor beast, upon every light deviation 
from liis master's command. A long strina: 
is attached to the collar, and the check is given 
when any order is not inwnediately executed 
This n>ethod, I certainly do not admire, al- 
though there are cases (where animals have 
been entirely neglected in early life), which 



TBAININO POINTERS AND SKTiKlfrt. iGl 

may absolutely warrant it, when all milder at 
tempts have proved fruitless. 

Another method is adopted to prevent a dog 
from pouiidiiii!: his game. lie is taught to 
fetch and carry that only, which Avill hurt his 
mouth, if he press liardiy on it. But the diffi- 
culty in teaching- a dog to fetch is greatly in- 
creased, when he is continually suspicious of in- 
juring himself; therefore if this method be 
adopted, great care must be taken that the ar- 
ticle used for fetching purposes be so fixed, as 
in no way to injure his mouth except upon hard 
pressure. A better and safer metiiod however, I 
believe to be, to accustom him to carry a partridge 
or quail, teaching him by suitable instruction, 
rci)rimand and correction, that he must neither 
mumble, maim, nor mutilate it. He will not be 
found to fetch as cheerfully, of iiis own free 
will, if his gums have suffered by the trial. 
Nevertheless the spiking system, if carefully 
carried out and without severity may occasion- 
ally be advisable in perverse subjects, when 
the disposition to pound appears difficult to erad- 
icate. 

The principal error committed in training 
Sparting-dogs, is in tlie use of severe and threat- 



16-2 TRAINING POtNTERS AND SETTERS. 

ening language not unfreqtiently accompanied 
by the lash, to induce the animals to perform 
an act, Avhich they cannot thoroughly compre- 
hend. Now, when a dog is caught in an act of 
positive transgression, punishment may serve 
to convince him of the wrong committed ; but 
on the other hand, an act of non-committal is 
not so easily delincd, and the correction may 
often be interpreted by the sufferer, as a caution 
against its performance. Therefore encourage- 
ment, rather than threats should be the basis 
of all our attempts to direct the instinctive de- 
velopments of the sporting-dog ; our rebukes 
and punishments should be reserved for enforc- 
ing submission, and of testifying our disappro- 
val of conscious disobedience. Every thing 
should be done to ensure both respect and affec- 
tion, and severity will seldom be called for. 
Recipes for training dogs will be of little ser- 
vice, unless their owners have common sense 
enough to comprehend somewhat of the varied 
dispositions of canine nature. Some animals 
need to be dealtvery gently with, whilst others 
are almost insensible to moderate treatment, 
}tt firmness without severity, determination 
Boftened by patience, must be our general rule 



TRAINING POINTERS AND SETTERS. 1G3 

The exceptions must be managed, according to 
the judgment of the trainer. 

The amount of reprimand and correction re- 
quired in such Imrd cases should however bo 
dealt out in graduated doses, so that, at all 
events enough may suffice. The Sporting-dog, 
especially should have a few minntes run every 
day, not only for the benefit of liis health, but 
to prevent his wildness in the field. Dogs, af- 
ter being tied up for a length of time, become 
so elated, when set at liberty, that they are not 
only excessively wild and often unruly, but un- 
fitted for a day's work and apt to wear them- 
selves out in a hurry ; whereas a dog, regular- 
ly exercised, is seldom known to tire, is always 
in good condition, easily kept under good 
command and rarely troubled with sore feet. 
Many sportsmen are in the habit of letting fly 
a charge of dust-shot at their dogs, when they 
undertake to run after the game, or when they 
refuse to obey call. In France, especially, I 
have seen many peppered sterns. It may have 
a good effect sometimes, (if our animals could 
only get used to it) but I consider it a very 
dangerous practice, as I have known several 
doti's utterlv ruined )»v it. 



1G4 TRAINIXG POINTERS AND SETTERS. 

An old and well trained dog is very advanta- 
goons iu assisting- in the Ucld-traiTiing of the 
young beginner; tliongh the latter should be 
previously well versed in all necessary acts of 
obodioice and submission, or it will generally 
render him the wilder and interfere with the 
tactics of the more experienced. If the young 
dog you are training, give evident proofs of a 
lack of vosv, or game-scenting powers, you had 
better disjtose of him at once, as this is a de- 
fect, for which no virtue can ever alone. It is 
well to carry a few crackers in your gamebag 
and give your dog a bite now and then, to en- 
liven his spirits and increase his endurance. 
Give him but little meat, during the working 
season, unless it be well boiled and mixed with 
Indian meal, oat meal or cracker, &c., whichev- 
er be most convenient or suit him best ; but, if 
yon can get nothing but meat, don't keep him 
too short, on that account, as his strength must 
be kept up. A good rubbing, a good supper, 
and a warm bed will do him good after a liard 
day's work. 




GENERAL REMARKS ON THE DIS 
EASES OF DOGS. 



It may perhaps somcwliat surprise tli-ose who 
have hitherto been accustomed to a variety of 
incomprehensible Latin Prescriptions, receipt- 
ed to cure Diseases which are not positively 
known to exist, or which arc so mystified by 
anatomical technicalities, that they cannot bo 
easily recojrnized by the uninitiated. Yea : I 
doubt not some of my readers may be astonish- 
ed, (on reading my simple remarks and practi- 
cal instructions on the Diseases of Dogs,) that 
I have neither unvailed the secret of the 
Apothecaries' shop, nor dissected every fibre 
of the canine fabric. These things, I have 



166 IfEMARKS OF DISEASES OF ljOGS. 

carefully avoided, first, because 1 am by pro- 
fession neither Chemist nor Anatomist ; second- 
ly, because my object is to simplify that which 
is too often rendered unintelligible, and to 
present a condensed list of antidotes, rather 
than a profusion of infallible cures. I perfectly 
ag"ree with my learned friend DeschcDiijjs, who 
acknowieilo^es the existence of only one Dis- 
ease, " a Disorganization of J\'a^^/re," and one 
cure, " the Reorrjcuiization^' I will jjroceed still 
farther by stating my bcliei that Nature effects 
through suitable relaxation and ucntle stim- 
ulants far more than can be forced on Her 
by drastic purges or powerful astringents. 
Preventives generally indicate cures ; upon 
this impression I have based my ideas and am 
satisfied in having carried them out in my 
treatment of the Diseases of Dogs. If I err, I 
am convinced it is on the safe side. I have 
nothing to say in contradiction to the opinions 
of others, but as that which I ofi'er is the result 
of my own experience, I have reason Ui hope 
It may be tested, before it is condemned. As, 
ill a certain sense, all Diseases are one, I have 
not particularized every ailment incident to the 



RPMARKS ON DISEASES OF DOGS. 167 

rciuinc fraternity, but simply those, wliicli may 
be identified by the noii professional, under 
t^tood by the inexcperienced, and relieved with 
out medical advice. 




pu^^'C 



BULL-DOG. 

Snllfln, morose, unsociable and grim 1 

Show me the man, who'd dream of trusting him 1 

With short snub nose, lull, treach'roug glaring 

eye, 
Projecting teetli, small ear and Ibrehead high •, 
Capacious chest, with muscle, well displayed. 
The Boxer's bully, and the Tinker's jade ; 
For them he fights, the scars alone his prize, 
True to the last, for them, unpiticd dies. 
Exposed his vices, now his merits scan ; 
The latter real, the former due to man. 
By nature true, courageous, serious, stern ; 
Excited oft, his latent passions burn ; 
Rude urchins, educated in the street. 
Rowdies genteel, who on the corners meet ; 
Some men of sense and title too, in line, 
Make cruel pastime of this brave Canine. 
Concealed to view, and worried, day by daj, 
Trained to the Bait, the Battle and the Fray, 
Inured to hardship, 'reft of every friend, 
His life's a torment, and a boon nis end. 
Tho' few his social virtues dare to boast, 
Yet those who know him best, will prize hira 

most ; 
While others yap, and yelp and yell, and fly, 
Carve o'er his grave ; " I conquer or I die.' 



DISEASES OF DOGS. 



FITS. 



A.LL breeds ot dogs are more or less subject to 
Fits, altliongh among the coarse mongrel kinds, 
tliey arc but little known. Dogs of fine stock, 
of tender constitutions, those glutted with rich 
fond and lacking necessary exercise are its 
most common victims. I consider fitr< to origi- 
nate in the lack of a regular circulation of the 
blood, or from an overcharged digestion, per- 
haps more than from any other cause. A 
weak-nerved dog, who is much confined in the 
yard or house is overjoyed at the chance of an 
unlimited romp, and becomes so highly elated 
as to cause an extra flow of blood to the head, 
causing a temporary pressure on the brain, 
thereby rendering the sufferer wholly uncon- 
scious even of the presence of his master. TLla 



DFSIOASKS OP DOGS. 171 

I believe to be one cause. Anotlier is a disur 
g-anized digestion, (more or less deranging 
ever}^ part of the system), striving to vent 
itself by forcible efforts to expel an overflow of 
vitiated humors. A third cause is an exposure 
to the sun, acting more immediately on the 
r.erves of the brain. Fits are often confoun- 
ded with Distemper, of which they arc ofttimes 
a dangerous accompaniment. Distemper-fits 
are quite of a different character to those of 
which we are now speaking. Fn all my exper- 
ience and experiments, I have hit on no 
antidote or sovereign cure for these uncertain 
ebullitions of subverted Nature. I will first 
speak of preventives, before I propose a 
method of cure. Animals that are subject to 
fits should be allowed plenty of exercise (with- 
in certain limits), and should be fed on light 
fare. They should not be exposed to the sun, 
and great attention should be paid to their 
I'owels, which never should be constipated. 
They should never be fed to the ful.', nor on 
any indigestible food. Wet feet will suddenly 
bring on fits, especially in dogs who have been 
long confined. I hove often noticed how soon 
these fits were brought on by tlicir feet sudden- 



173 DISEASKH OF I)OG«. 

ly coming in contact with cold water. Tf a 
dog- subject to fits be too fat, his flesh should 
be immediately reduced by liglit purgations, 
his diet changed, whilst he is gradually habit- 
uated to an increase of exercise. He should 
be ridded of every thing tending to annoy 
him ; he should not be exposed to any excite- 
ment, and should he appear to be more joyous 
than usual, he siiould be immediately checked, 
stilled or chainetl. By noticing this, he may 
generally be spared the trial. I am speaking 
now of fits, where no distemper exists, as dis- 
temper-fits require a somewhat difli'erent treat- 
ment. Heated rooms are very productive of 
these attacks, especially where the creature is 
allowed to lay under a hot stove. Basking in 
the sun will often bring them on. Dogs arc 
very apt to get bewildered by the sun, and I 
have often had to remove them from Iheir dan- 
gerous fascination. However, with dogs who 
have no predisposition to fits, I imagine there 
is not much to be feared from their spontaneous 
baskings. The antidotes then are light fare, 
regular exercise, freedom from excitement, 
healthy stools, avoiding the hot sun, wet feet, 
&c. In the majority of cases, previous to a fit, 



DISEASES OP DOGS. 173 

the dog has a wild staring; expression, and 
appears to be soinewliat alarmed at every 
thing he sees : he will sometimes .stagger and 
run backwards and forwards without an ob« 
ject ; he may then perhaps stand still, his 
vision and brain evidently wandering ; he may 
start in any direction before he falls, or he 
may occasionally fall, without any previous in- 
dications, He will often make the most dis- 
tressing yelping, both before and durino- the 
paroxysm, whilst at other times he will be com- 
paratively noiseless, except from the champing 
of his jaws, from which he ejects a slimy froth. 
Thousands of poor brutes (only temporarily 
deranged), have been destroyed for being gnilly 
of Hydropimbia, although it bears but a vei-y 
slight resemblance to Fits. Ordinary Fits are 
very sudden, give but short (if an}-) notice of 
their approach and the animal either speedily re- 
turns to his consciousness or expires. A sullen, 
morose, unsociable change may be the forerun- 
ner of Madness, but previous to a Fit, the suf- 
ferer is generally more profuse and ui-gent in 
his professions of friendship. The owner of 
an animal who ih subject to Fits, should always 
be prepared with a chain and collar, whenever 



174 DISEASES OF DOOS. 

he takes him out, as lie can tlicn the more 
readily secure him and manase him without 
difiicnlty. He will thus avoid having him 
slanijlitered, under the popular hue and cry of 
'• Mad Don-." 

Altliouuh the snapping, foaming, staggering, 
kicking, yelping, should not be mistaki u for 
ITydro|)hobia, yet I would particularly advise 
all tlio-c who may be treating a patient in this 
condition, to avoid being bitten : for two sim- 
ple reasons. First. The bite of a dog in perfect 
health convevs with it a certain amount of poi- 
son, exactly in projiortion to the state of the 
system, npon which the impression is made. 
Secondly. Great caution is required to avoid 
the bite of an animal in this stultified condition, 
and I am fnrtlicr perfectly satisfied, that his 
bite under such circumstances would be mor<^ 
likely to ])rove serious, on account of his dis- 
ordered state ; although there need certainly 
l>e no ground for alarm or apprehensions of 
llydroi>hobia. Still as dog-bites under any 
circumstances are far fi-om agreeable, and 
furlhennore, as the benst is then unconscious of 
his' actions, and especially ungovernable in his 
)a\vs, ids dental operations should be carefully 



DISEASES OF DOOS. 175 

avoided. He may be safely held by tlie back 
of the neck, or kept at a respectful distance by 
means of a chain and collar ; or should he bo 
too powerful to manage in this way, he may bs 
made fast to the first convenient hold. With 
sluts, Fits often prove fatal to Breeding-, either 
by unfitting tlie animal for healthy propaga- 
tion, or destroying the embryo. From such I 
recommend, you to avoid breeding, both dogs 
and sluts. I would also, advise all owners of 
confirmed uncuraUe Jitters (if such there be), to 
aduiinister a dose of Strychnine, to stay all 
further proceedings. 

The cure must be somewhat similar to the 
preventive, with a few simple additions. 
When he is first attacked, pour a stream of 
cold water on his head, and immediately 
put him in a dark place, (or cover his eyes). 
Give him an emetic of common salt, as much as 
he can swallow at once. The next day, admin- 
ister small doses of castor-oil, every two hours, 
until his bowels are thoroughly, though gently 
purified. Bleeding may occasionally be re- 
sorted to. A little blood may be taken from the 
ears or tail ; a fly blister may be placed on top 
of the head, or a seton introduced in the back 



I'je DISEASES OF DOGS. 

nf the neck. Should these fits be found to procee^i 
from worms, the above treatment need not be 
followed. Tlie worm medicine should be first 
administered, where you have any doubt about 
the case. Should wornis be the cause, some of 
the preventives proposed, would be powerless, 
tliough certainly not injurious. I have found 
rubbing to be very eflcetual in restoring them, 
when they have been appari'cntly stiffened out 
for death. A little brandy and water, (say 
one fifth best French brandy), sweetened, and 
a teaspoonl'ul more or less, administered every 
half hour, is often of essential service. Noth- 
ing, however, should be given during the 
convulsive action of the fit, or until the animal 
can swallow with eufsO. 



DKTEMFER, DlAltiUlO^A, CONSTIPA- 
TION, STOPPAGE. 



■'* Distemper" is a term, with which well nigh 
every owner of a dog, is perfectly intimate, 
but the exact source, cause or origin of the 
disease appears to have baffled the most pro- 
found researches of the '' Dogographer''^ and 
the Anatomist, to have puzzled the public at 
large and completely mystified the Icnoicing 
ones. Nevertheless, a thousand infallible cures 
are receipted for it, the majority of which are 
admirably calculated, either to hurry a suifer- 
ing canine out of a miserable existence or ren- 
der him a cripple for life. Distemper may be 
attributed to a variety of causes. Like fevers, 
measles and small pox, it may be considered 
both infectious and contagious, yet, is still of- 
teuer a spontaneous outburst of disease, orisri- 




BULL TERRIER 



BULL TERRIER. 

In him, the Terrier and the Bull we trac-e, 
Well known to all, his famed, tho' compoUBcl 

race ; 
The slu^rgish Bull-dog, thus, new vigor gains. 
The Terrier too, the former's pluck retains ; 
Thus stubborn courage and deliberate nerve, 
To check the hasty and impetuous serve. 
A Mongrel true, yet, tho' a Cur he be, 
If right his stamp, no better hound than he ; 
Defies tlie water, braves the very fire, 
Unites tiie merits of his Dam and Sire. 
To fix his size or color, wore a jest, 
Yet true it is, the smallest sells the best ; 
A doubtful title, but which some concede 
To ought that bears a shadow of tlie breed ; 
Of colors all, weight forty pounds to three, 
Too dwarfish for an honest pedigree. 
Apt as a scholar, faithful as a friend. 
Well armed and ready, valiant to defend ; 
He knows no danger, and he fears no foe, 
And if vindictive, man has made him so ; 
Mis instinct ever, on hi3 duty set ; 
True Courage never was a Bully yet. 
Shou'.d any doubt, if tMs be true or not, 
Peruse the writings of Sir Walter Scott* 



ISO DISTEMPEU, .^C. 

Mating in tlic system itself; yet from what par* 
I'icular influences, has not yet been satisfactori* 
ly determined. No antidote or safeguard 
against its attaclcs liaa yet been brought to 
light, neither has any sovereign remedy been 
eflfectnal, in averting its fatality. The malady 
presents itself in such varied forms and types, 
that it is often not recognized as Distemper, 
even by those who have had some experience 
in Dog-keeping; whilst other and widely differ- 
ent ailments are often attributed to Distemper. 
Its appearance is not confined to any age, sea- 
son or climate, ncitlier is it peculiar to any 
breed, or the result of any particular Idnd of 
diet, locality or management. One breed is aa 
subject to it as another, yet certainly not equal- 
ly liable to become its victims. The worthless 
mongrel s'tands a far better chance of recovery 
than the appreciated pet or the high bred Spor- 
ting-dog. The reasons of this to me are evi- 
dent. The cur is hardier, from his cross-breed 
and habits of exposure, and is naturally of a 
stronger constitution, consequently, the better 
fitted to resist diseass ; is seldom pampered 
and gorged, gets more exercise and less physic. 
High bred dogs are always somewhat difficult 



DISTEMPER, &C. 181 

to rear. There appears to lack in tliem a cer- 
tain vigor of constitution, in wliich the car is 
seldom deficient. For this reason, great care 
is requisite in the raising of choice breeds, till 
lliey attain their growth, or pass the ordeal of 
Distemper. It must not bo supposed however, 
that all dogs must of necessity have the disease, 
any more than all children are bound to have 
the Small-pox or Scarlet fever. Again, some 
have it so lightly, that it is scarcely perceived, 
whilst others make sliort work of it, and snuff 
out in a canter, in spite of all efibrts to save. 
The common symptoms are restlessness, heavi- 
ness, disinclination to move, redness and some- 
times great paleness of the eye, whiteness of 
the gums, running at the eyes and nose, loss of 
appetite, looseness of the bowelS; dryness and 
dirty appearance of the nostrils, dry cough, 
Avasting of the flesh and general debility. Ul- 
cers will often appear about the lips and gums, 
the breath becomes offensive, and the evac- 
uations have a putrid odor. These indications 
do not appear at once, nor in all animals, nei- 
ther can Distemper always be traced, when 
some of these symptoms are apparent. After 
all, the general appearance of the patient la 



182 DISTEMPER, &C. 

More to be relied on than any one of these d'ls 
temper-like appearances. A marked difference 
will be perceived in the general deportment of 
the canine, which any observer of his general 
habits will not be at a loss to interpret. His 
owner should be in the habit of keeping a 
strict watch on him, now and then for a few 
minutes, without engaging the animal's atten- 
tion ; as dogs, like men, are prone to wear a 
merry countenance, when the system is diseased. 
It is therefore necessary to scan their sponta- 
neous movements, which is the plan I invaria- 
bly adopt in discovering the most important of 
canine ailments. Of course their various parts 
may be likewise examined, in order to ascertain 
the very spot, where any disorganization may 
more visibly develop itself. Distemper ap- 
pears to be more fatal at some periods than 
at others, without reference to any particular 
season of the year. I have however found it 
more fatal in the fall of the year than at any 
other season, especially on the first appearance 
of cold weatlier. It may attack a litter of 
pnppies, some very lightly, some severely and 
others fatally, yet these have breathed the 
same air, eaten of the same food, occupied the 



DISTEMPER, &C. 183 

f^ntnu bed nnd received the same (rcalment. 
Wlio then shall prescribe an antidote again.st 
its inroads, or an absolute remedy against its 
fatality ? Its effects nevertheless may in most 
cases be greatly mitigated by constant attention 
to the health of our charge, forbidding the 
least indisposition to pass nnnoticed, and hy 
]-esorting (as occasion may require) cither to 
gentle aperients, wholesome astringents, or 
moderate abstinence. I am averse to adminis- 
tering Calomel to dogs. It is decidedly dan- 
gerous, and thousands of poor animals have 
been sacrificed by it : it can only be given with 
com])arative snfety, where the aiiimal would be 
subjected to no kind of atmospheric change, 
and tliis would be very diCicnlt to avoid, as liis 
coat cannot be conveniently thickened to suit 
the weather. 

When a whitish mucus fluid runs from the 
nose, it is almost invariably a sign of distem- 
per. This may be generally considered a fa- 
vorable symptom, and far more favorable, than 
a dry hot nose, emitting little or no moisture ; 
in Avhich case I have often found the disease 
settled on parts more vital and more difficult 
of relief. I beo- of vou not to consider Distem 




ENGLISH TERRIEB, (Black & Tan.i 



ENGLISH TERRIER, (Black & Tan). 

Of varied color, fashion black and tan, 
la England, (say they,) this famed race began , 
Re.l, white, and yellow haVd been highly prized, 
Thodgh snndry ti>its, by man are ofV devised. 
Well shaped his form, with Grcyhound-tapcr" 

ing head, 
Leg, breast and jowl, well flushed with tannish 

red ; 
His body black, with coat, high glossed and 

fine. 
Varying in weight, from twenty pounds, to nine. 
If ought of white his feet or breast disgrace, 
Too light a red or brindle there we trace ; 
'I'oo clumsy limb, too coarse his tail or coat, 
Doubtful his Sire ; his purity remote. 
Staunch and courageaus, daring in his ways, 
Quick as a {]a<h. the noisome rat he slays ; 
His stern endurance oft' has proved him fit 
To slaughter hundreds in the gaming pit. 
Of late contrivance, springs a dwarfish race, 
Fitted alone the drawing room to grace ; 
Of tender growih, yet cleg<nt in limb. 
Active and spriglitly, vigilant and trim, 
Watchful alarmist, docile, apt and small, 
Is now Yclept the favorite of all, 
And oft' reveals the wealth and taste of man, 
The perfect, pencilled, tiny BJack and tau. 



18() niSTRMPER, &C. 

per, this running at the nose, as a gimple dis- 
ease of the mucus membranes. The oiifrin 
is not there ; it is a general attack on the 
whole system, commonly originating in the 
Btomaeh. Nevertheless tliis running ought to 
be encouraged, by often sponging off with 
luke warm water, especially when it cakes 
around the nostrils, after which a little sweet 
oil may be rubbed on them. This appears to 
have but little to do with the cure of the dis- 
ease itself, yet it is a great relief to the animal, 
facilitating his breathing, and consequently di- 
minishing his sufferings, thus in a measure ena- 
bling him the better to Avithstand the malady. 
Tlie principal object in Distemper (as with 
many other diseases) is to keep the bowels in 
a proper state, by preventing the system becom- 
ing too debilitated to outgrow its attacks. 
The seat of Distemper being principally in tlie 
digestive organs, tlie stomach mustl)e thejUMu- 
cipal object of our solicitude. Tlie food sliould 
be nourishi-ng, yet easy of digestion; a little 
should be given at a time, say three or more 
times per day. according to the strcngtli of the 
patient, but not to interfere with the operation 
of medicine. Exposure to wet, cold, or dnmp 



DJHTEMPER, <feC. 18T 

is very miiclj against recovery, likewise too 
much heat or close conliiienicnt. A little exer- 
cise is benelicia', but this need not be forced. 
As I have just ol)served, prcsuiniiio^ the scat of 
the disease to be in Die stomach and bow- 
els, let us attempt a cure by iirst cleansiiui; 
and tliOroiighly ridding- tliein of all puru- 
lent on'eusive matter, which I have found to 
exist in all distemi)cred dogs. Tliis must not 
be effected by too powerful means, as Nature is 
more injured tlian benefited l)y drastic purges, 
and oftoi disabled in her efforts to recruit lier- 
self. Avoid tlien strong doses. At the outset 
of the disorder however, an emetic must be re- 
sorted to, to cleanse the stomach. Common 
table salt will have the desired effect. One 
good throatful, or as much as can be gulped 
down at once is generally sufficient to produce 
vomiting, and should be the dose for any dog, 
of any size. You need not be alarmed at the 
quantity, as it will almost invariably be reject- 
ed, Avhen given in large doses ; or will some- 
times act, both as an emetic and purgative, in 
which case no other aperient will be required 
for the tinie lining. 
T propose then to cleanse the stomach the iirst 



188 DISTEMPER. <feC. 

day and give no other medicine. Take care 
that the patient have plenty of cold fresh water 
to drink, liglit fare, beef soup, with rice or pi- 
lot bread well boiled in it. or nccording to the 
dog's mode of living, witii more or less of meat, 
but well cooked and well mixed, so tiiat it be 
not eaten alone. Where there is a tendency to 
looseness, raw flour may be tied up in a fine 
cloth and boiled for three or four hours, after 
whicli it may be mixed in with the soup. It is 
not so common for dogs with Distemper to bo 
constipated in their bowelrf ; the reverse is 
generally the case, and has particularly to be 
guarded against, after the system has been thor- 
oughly cleansed. In man\' distemper-cases, 
the dog has a ravenous appetite and appears to 
decrease in size, according to the amount of 
food eaten, clearly proving that it passes off 
undigested, thits leaving the multitudinous parts 
of the system wholly unprovided for, and the 
whole frame to wither away. The second day 
castor oil in very small doses should be admin- 
istered every two hours, till it operates freely, 
gay, from a quarter of a tea-spoon to half a 
table-spoonful ftt a time, aceording to the age 
and size of the animal. Should he be very 



DISTEMPER, &C. 189 

costive, the closes may be doubled. The less 
medicine given in Distemper, the better, never- 
lhelr3ss what is necessary, must be done. Suffi- 
cient warmth, perfect clcanliness,fieedom from 
damp, light diet, and a comfortable bed are es- 
sential to a fair prospect of recovery. The 
streugtii must be kept up as much as possible, 
by feeding little and often, but never as much 
as the dog would eat. Yon need not be uneasy 
about his dying of starvation ; lie is the last 
aiiimal in the world to dream of committing 
suicide. If he will only eat a little, he need 
not be forced, exce})t on particular occasions, 
such as his absolutely refusing all manner of 
food for a day or two, in which case a little 
strong beef soup may be fed to him with a 
spoon every hour or so. Fits are very common 
to dogs with Distemper, and still more common 
to those who have it not. As an accompani- 
ment to Distemper, they are far more daiige- 
rous ; but let us once sec the digestive organs 
right and all the dependencies will follow suit. 
In wounds and local attacks, local applicatioLS 
may in a measure suffice, but in distemper, the 
righting ot the whole machine must be effected 
at the main spring. For distemper-looseness. 



SCOTCH TERRIER. 

Small, rough and wliiakerv, and of sandy hue 

Though sometimes gray, and oft' of dusky blue ; 

Clear, brigb.t, inquisitive, sagacious e\e, 

Moustacliiod lip. with brows deep shaded by ; 

Bi-ave. hardy, vigilant and ever gay, 

First famed on Scotia's loft\- hills, tliey say ; 

Kills fox and weasel, skunk, racoon and cat, 

Rabbit or squirrel, hedgehog, mouse or rat ; 

Onward he rushes, witli impetuous ire. 

His wiry pelt dares bramble, bu.-;li and briar ; 

Through matted brakes, he threads his thorny 

way, 
Digs in the earth, or tempts the flood for prey ; 
Not swift of limb, the fleeter game to trace, 
Attacks the foe, within iiis hiding place ; 
Of noxious vermin rids the house and store — 
Inspects each corner, searches every floor ; 
When cunning Renard, pressed by boisterous 

hounds. 
Rushes to earth and thus the pack confounds, 
The valiant Scot assails him in his den. 
All gore-begrimraed. lie drags him forth again. 
His coarse exterior, some may chance conten\n, 
Others his blunt expression may condemn ; 
Yet none his virtues ever dare deny j 
His merits rigid scrutiny defy. 



193 DISTEMPER, &C. 

diarrhoea or dysentcr}', the best remedy I have 
found is 4tli proof French Brandy, ground all- 
spice and brown sugar, viz : a gill of French 
Brandy, a table-spoonful of ground allspice, 
nnd a heaped table-spoon of brown sugar. 
Mix the allspice and sugar in a saucer and stir 
in the brandy. Place this saucer and its con- 
tents on an inverted saucer, and set fiie to the 
ingredients, and stir gently till the lire goes 
out. When cool enough, pour into a bottle, 
shaking it well, every time you pour off. C i vo 
the patient from half a tea-spoon to half a 
table-spoonful in twice or three times the quan- 
tity of water, every hour or two, till the loose- 
ness is checked. If the animal should be at 
anytime too costive, give small doses of castor 
oil as before recommended. With these sim- 
ple remedies, the enemy may be kept at bay. 
and Dame Nature will have a f^iir ch.ancc of 
minding her own business, In a hcalthv do"- 
the nose is cool and moist, and is consequently 
a very fair index to the general health ; al- 
though when the animal is consuinptive, or 
much reduced in flesh, the nose, cars and ex- 
tremities are all cold, from a lack of the power 
of general circulation. Small stimula tivo doses 



r' 



nii^THMI/EIf. AO. 



nre llicn very u.-ei'iil ; :i. little ^vcuk, v.-cll-8iu(ar 
ed brandy and water, every hour or two, with 
or without strong beef tea. according- to neces- 
sity. Looscncsa is far more dangerous than 
costiveness, and far more diflScult to arrest on 
a sure basis, as it should by no means be too 
suddenly checked by powerful astringents. 
The brandy and albpico compound before re- 
commended, I consider to be the safest and 
most efficient. With this I have not only cured 
the most obstinate cases of Diarrhoea, but have 
restored animals, who appeared to have breath- 
ed their last. I once sharpened mv knife to 
skin a favorite King Charles' Hpaniel whom 
1 supposed to be breathing his last, but sudden- 
ly ciianging my mind, I gave him three doses of 
tliis compound, at intervals of half an hour. 
After the first, he kicked out his hind leg, after 
the second he slightly raised his head ^ after 
the third he tottered off several yards, and 
from that hour rapidly recovered. Remem- 
ber, I am a powerful advocate of little and 
often, in all cases of prostration from disease, 
more especially in Distemper. Nature in an 
exhausted state is paralyzed by oovverful doses, 
whilst she appropriates advantageously the 



104 niSTEMl'Eli. .v.c. 

(pontic droppiiic;.'^. If stoppage sliould not. 
yiold to sniail hourly doses of castor oil, tli« 
bowels inay be well rubbed, with brandy 
spirits of turpentine, or alcohol with spirits of 
camphor and ether. An inject'.on of blood-warm 
soap-suds may l)c used and repeated exory 
fifreeu minutes till an operation is effected. 
Should this not succeed (and the patient be not 
inconveniently larg-ei, give him a bath, as 
hot as he can readily bear it, for five or ten 
minutes ; after Avhicli, rub him heartih' and 
thoroughly dry ; keep him well covered, till he 
has entirely recovered its effects and a natural 
reaction has taken place. I have however, 
very rarely failed with small doses of castor-oil, 
which I have occasionally persevered in for 
thirty-six hours. Of course on the first indi- 
cation of relief, it must be stopped and small 
doses of light nourishing food be substituted. 
"Wlicn the distem[)ered dog shows heaviness 
about the eyes or giddiness, he should not L-e 
exposed to much light. As what effects the eye, 
effects the brain and what effects the brain acts 
on tlic whole system. A slight affection of fiie 
brain, requires in a dog, but little outer excite- 
ment to produce fits, which tendency should be 
ch.ecked. us much as possible. 



DiSTEM ?!•;:!. ,tu 19.'; 

Fine brc;l pets arc very easily unnerved, 
especially when in a delicate state of health ; 
quietness is as essential to their recovery as to 
a Imrnan being in a similar condition. Do not 
presume that all fits have any connexion with 
distemper. They often arise from a naturally 
weak and nervous temperament, and oftener 
still from indigestion and worms. The latter 
may generally be known by a tightness of the 
belly, (especially in puppies), irregularity of 
stool, sometimes loose and sometimes the re- 
verse, jumping during sleep, a rumbling noise 
in the inside ; by tlie animal dragging himself 
along on his hind parts, by his suddenly yelp- 
ing and changing his position, and by the oft 
renewal of his yelling. These symptoms have 
seldom anything to do with Distemper, though 
ihey may sometimes co-exist with it. The 
worms should be got rid of first and Distemper 
afterwards, should both be visibly marked to- 
gether. Worms, in young puppies are often 
mistaken for Distemper. The looseness ai'ising 
from worms shonhl not be checked, till the 
■worms are expelled by medicine. Stoppage is 
also caused by worms, by solid knots of them 
hlockading the intestines. As the worm 



196 DISTEMPER, &C. 

medicines I recommend under the head of 
" Worms," are not calculated to injure the coji- 
stitution of the most delicate, it may he safely 
administered whenever worms are suspected. 
Doo-s liaA^c been inoculated for Distemper, but 
I have not heard of any benefits arising from 
it. In raising Sporting-Dogs, my plan is to in 
troducethem to the disease, when they are in a 
healthy state, but not when the disease lias as- 
sumed a virulent form, I think the most favor- 
able time to be just after tliey have finished 
f-hedding their teeth. They arc then generally 
in a healthy condition, and on that account the 
disease seldom proves fatal ; to say nothing ot 
our being fully prepared to treat our patients 
accordingly. It is very rare indeed for an ani- 
mal to contract th.e disease twice, though it may 
often return, if it has not been judiciously or 
thoroughly eradicated. I would advise tliose 
then, who would raise Pointers or Setters, to 
force them into Distemper at a suitable period, 
as it is more particularly ti'ying to lose a spor- 
ting-dog, after the trouble and expense of rais- 
ing and breaking ; to which may be added tlie 
blighting of our long cherished hopes of an 
invaluable field coinpa,nion ; but on no account 



^ DISTEMPEIl, AC. 107 

expose him to tlie Discfiso, till he present hia 
new sot of teeth, as they are often totally ruin 
ed by its eiTects ; not only the organs of masti* 
cation, but his breath, liis health and hia 
beauty. Setters, Pointers, Greyhounds and 
Newfoundlands are more severely affected by 
Distemper, than the ordinary breeds of Dogs. 
Their food in early life should not be too gross, 
neither should the stomach be overcharged ; 
for although, as I have before observed, there 
be no antidote against Distemper, yet its at* 
tacks may be mitigated by attending to the 
general health of our favorites. We must first 
be careful to procure healthy stock, keep them 
on wholesome food, neither stuff nor starve 
them, keep their ears warm, their noses cool, 
and their gums rosy ; neither compel them 
to be hot or cold, wet or exposed. 

In Distemper, the matting up of the eyes 
should be cautiously guarded against ; by often 
washing with warm milk and rubbing a little 
sweet oil on the lids. When the animal can- 
not see, his trouble is heightened, and the 
whole nervous system thereby affected, and ag 
dogs are very sensible and sensitive animals, 
endowed with almost human intellect, we must 



198 DISTEMPER, &G. 

remember that whatever tends to cheer and en- 
liven them, has a happy efiect on their jthysical 
aihnents. When the heaviness of the head is not 
relieved by aperient medicines, the crown of 
tlie head maybe shaved and a fly-blister placed 
thereon ; a little blood may be taken from the 
ears, or the head may be often bathed with 
cold water and carefully dried off. HoAvevcr, 
I do not recommend bleeding, except in ex- 
treme cases. Instead of a seton, so much 
recommended by Dogologists, I prefer passing a 
sharp red-hot iron about the size of a lead pen- 
cil through the skin at the back of the neck, 
leaving the wound to fester ; it often has a 
happy effect, in relieving the head and carrying 
off the humors. It may be allowed to heal of 
its own accord and reopened, if requisite. If any 
twitching or shaking of the limbs should come 
on, it should be immediately taken in hand, 
and every means used to keep up the circula- 
tion, by rubl)ing in a strong liniment, composed 
of spirits of turpentine, alcohol, oil and lauda- 
num, or if nothing be used, the friction alone 
will be serviceable. " Butler's Mange Lini- 
ment" has been used with great effect, in such 
cases. In this state, especially, the animal 



DISTEMPER, &C. 199 

bIiouIcI not lie exposed to any kind of damp ; 
the bowels should be kept in a proper state, 
the food should be light, he should be carefully 
supplied with fresh water and a comfortable 
bed. If the weather be favorable, he should 
have as much exercise as he can conveniently 
bear. These nervous twitcliings, if not attend- 
ed to in time, are difficult to cure, and even 
with all our precautions and attentions, are 
always to be dreaded. When they neither 
yield to care, medicine, diet or friction, the 
poor sufferer had better be put out of his mise- 
ry. I have had valuable patients lying help- 
less, for many months, long after the Avhole 
hind parts were completely paralyzed and life- 
less, and have at last been induced to destroy 
them by drowning, the only method of proving 
whether their limbs might ever regain their 
motion, in the agonies of dissolution ; but the 
sufferers have invariably sunk, unweigJited to 
the bottom. -Light twitcliings happen to dogs 
occasionally, when they have no Distemper, 
and often depart without help. For this I 
have found nothing so good as rubbing and 
warmth. Mange and other cutaneous erup- 
tions are considered bv some writers as fore- 



200 DISTEMPER, AC. 

rtinnors of Distemper. Pistenipcred animals 
often liave postules on the bowels principally, 
Lnt they have not the appearance of ordinary 
mange. When these postules l)reak out in 
Distemper, it is far from a favorable sympiom. 
They should be treated however, as Mange, and 
great care should be taken of the sick one, ashc 
is then more liable to take cold, than at any 
other period. Distemper is more apt to be 
fatal with animals fed on a rank meat diet, but 
do not suppose that any food is an absolute 
preventive ; I have seen hundreds die, who 
never tasted anything but cracker and milk, 
and many indeed, who never lived long enough 
to eat anything at all. Dogs are very rarely 
blinded by Distemper ; the bluish film which 
often covers the eye, naturally disappears, as 
the animal recovers, and it is far better let 
alone, with the exception of gently washing 
with warm milk and water. If a dog be taken 
with Distemper, he should be removed from his 
companions, to avoid infection, though I have 
found this to be no positive guarantee, as the 
causes originating it in the one, may equally 
operate on another, and Distemper maybe lurk- 
ins: in the svstem for weeks, before it makes a 



DISTEMPER, AC. 



201 



decided appearance. I could enumerate a 
host of Diritetnper remedies, but as my object 
is to siniplify, J shall uot eulai'gc oa taeir 
cespective virtues. 





MANGR 



Next to Distemper, Mange is tlie most common 
and the most troublesome disease, tliat Do^^ 
dom is heir to. No breed, no age, no size is 
exempt from its attacks. It is propagated in 
a variety of ways, and is to a great extent 
hereditary. It is also contagions, is spontan- 
eously produced by gross feeding and dirty 
bedding, and is sometimes an appendage to I)is 
temper. I liave seen puppies, covered with 
Mange sores on their entering the world, en- 
tailed on them by their Sire or Dam, or per- 
haps even of origin more remote. A dog, by 
simply lying where a diseased animal has been, 
may become contaminated, or by coming in 
contact Avith him in the street. Fortunately, 
it cannot be taken by any human beii-'g, (at 



MAJSOE. 203 

least I have never known a case), any more 
tlian the Scarlet Fever can be conveyed to a 
dog. * It is very gimilar to the Itch, in the 
human race, and I should think surpassed even 
the gcnuiue " Scotch Fiddled I have good 
grounds for believing that ordinary ^fange, is 
produced by insects, generated in the blood 
and brought to life on the skin. Of the secret 
of their formation, I confess my entire igno* 
ranee ; but as outward applications are far 
more efficacious than anything taken internally, 
and as one rubbing with the Mange-Liniment 
allays the irritation, I am still further con- 
Yinced of its being an animal production. 
Are not insects visibly brought to light in 
the same way on tne surface of the human 
body ? The tendency of the secretions of the 
system to produce thrscanimalcul;Te may cer- 
tainly in a great measure be averted, by keep- 
ing the body in a healthy state, so as to check 
any stagnancy of the juices, which favors the 
spontaneous production of animal life. Whole- 
some and moderate fare, exercise and cleanli- 
ness are the grand preventives, " Hutler'a 
Mange Liniment and Flea Exterminator" is a 
sovereign cure, as it not only eradicates the 



20-1 MANGE. 

disease, but speedily reproduce?! a supefabun* 
dai.ce cf hair. But I would recommend both 
preventives and cure. As the Disease is' prin- 
cipally caused by impurities, perfect cleanlinesa 
must be attended to without, and all grossnesg 
a'^^oided within, where there is any indication 
of eruption. If " Butler'H Mange Liniment'' 
cannot be had. Oil of Vitriol, diluted to the 
strength at which it can just be borne on the 
tongue, without burning, to which add a 
quarter of an ounce of finely ground Indigo 
.and a quarter of an ounce of Gunpowder, 
(mixed well together), to a quart of the diluted 
Oil of Vitriol. The animal should be first well 
washed (if the weather, &c., be favorable), and 
then rubbed all over with the mixture, every 
other day. Every olternate day, he should be 
well anointed with common fish-oil. An oint- 
ment of Sulphur and Lard is another remedy, 
but I object to Sulphur, as it often strikes to 
the limbs of the animal, injuring him for life, 
BO if this be used, he should be carefully kept 
from taking cold. It is preferable that he 
should be washed, before every application. 
Wliatever be used, the beast sliould be rubbed 
from the tip of the nose to all his extremitieii 



J 



MANIJR. 205 

anrl the mixture must be well rubbed in. 
" I>iitle:-'3 Mange Liniment," never fails to pro- 
duce a bcautirul coat and to allay the irritation 
o)i the first application ; which 1 have never 
known any other compound to effect. Its 
application should however, be repeated every 
other day, for three or four times, to ensure 
dealh to all forthcoming animalculoe. No ani- 
mal occasionally rubbed with it, has been 
knov.'u to take the Mango, and for beautifying 
the coot and cleansing the skin, its equal is not 
to be found. Dogs aflected with any cutan- 
eous crni)tion, should be subjected to a 
tlioi-ough but gentle pliysicing, and their mode 
of living should be entirely changed, in order 
to give the constiiution a fair chance to purify 
itself and put a stop to all fnrthcr spontancons 
ir.sectile productions among the sluggish se- 
cretions of a disordered frame 

The visible symptoms of Mange are, bare 
Sjiots. irritation, eruptions on the skin, a shorten- 
ing, or unnatural fallirig oif of the hair, red- 
ness on the back, bowels or other i)arts. Fleas 
also produce a kind of Mange, perhaps the 
most difficult of cure ; as they disease and poi- 
gon the whole surface of the body, and it 



206 



MANGE. 



neglected sometimes reduce the stBtcm to (in* 
recoverable weakness, by depriving the dog of 
liis necessary rest. Yery old dogs are tlio 
most difficult to cure.but 1 iiave not met witli jiu 
incurable subject yet. The disease, liowever, 
sliould be taken in liand as early as po.ssioh;, 
as. to say the least of it, it greatly annoys aud 
disfieures the sufferer for a season. 




RABTK3, HYDROPHOBIA. 



It 13 somewhat difficu-lt to define the varied 
symptoms of Hydrophobia. Incaniioiisly to 
attein|)t it might pcrliaps arouge fears, wlicre 
there existed no cause for alarm. For tlie 
coufoUitioii of tl»e nervous Jiowever, I may com- 
mence by assuring them, that a mad dog- ia 
indeed a \cry rare production, and that perhiips 
not over one in a thousand of tliose accused of 
it may be pronounced guilty. Every ill-brc<l 
gtroct-roving bone-grubber, every dog despair- 
ingly seeking his master, every canine in a fit, 
every poor beast, overcome with heat and fa- 
tigue, every affrighted quadruped seeding rof- 
nge from his merciless pursuers, in fine, every 
favorite, who may portray a certain strange- 
ness of demeanor, must of course be mad. In 
the last ten year», I have not had a ?ingle c»».t 




ESQITIMAUX DOa. 



ESQUIMAUX DOG. 

Pet of the Laplander and Esquimaux, 
Where dwarfish men and stunted mosses ^row , 
Whore winter long extends his dreary reiga, 
And ponderous icebergs choke the northern 

main. 
Fox-like in shape, nor varies much in size, 
Short ear erect, sharp nose and cunning eyes ; 
Or black or white with coarse and lengthy hair ; 
Condensed by climate and by scanty fare ; 
Thick bushy tail, flat on his back and curled ; 
Tho' in the hour of peril, oft' unfurled ; 
Lively and active, vigilant and gay, 
Not lacking courage, anxious to obey ; 
Spitz, Pomeranian, Arctic, Esquimaux, 
By various epithets, the breed we know; 
Yet so peculiar is the gjnuine race, 
The least impurity his traits deface ; 
His compact form, thick set, robust and trim, 
His sprightly gait, black nose and supple limb, 
His dress unique, his dark inquiring eye, 
All base ignoble counterfeits defy. 
In German States, where men most need their 

wits. 
Is most esteemed of all, the watchful Spitz ; 
A bribtiless guard, not oft' with strangers free, 
There's many a hound,that well a Spitz might be. 



L__ 



^_,.J 



210 HArURs, HVnnoPHOBfA. 

01 Hydrophobia, among an average stock of 
sixty or seventy dogs, under my own eye, nor a 
solitary case, among some twenty or tliirty 
more, kei)tfor me by others ; although 1 have 
had many, which, had they fallen under 
public notice, would no doubt have excited thu 
usual and alarming echo of Mad dog 1 Mad 
dog! 

A vacant, wild, sullen expression of the eye, 
movements to and i'ro, apparently without an 
object, a tendency in the animal to devour that, 
A\ hicli he would at other times have left unno- 
liced ; unusual indications of affection, in which 
he persists, in spite of his master's commands : 
a marked uneasiness in all his movements : a 
constant changing from place to place : a dis- 
po.>ition to snap on the slightest a])proach of 
nnuoyance ; a desire to retire from the presence 
of any one : an unwillingness to quit his retreat 
or to come at iiis master's call, licking his own 
urine, &c., these are symptoms of Hydrophobia. 
Yet all these may exist in different animals, 
and not one of them be bordering on madness, 
Nevertheless, there is after all, a certain some- 
thing, in the appearance of an animal with the 
symptoms of Rabies, that should not be misuu- 



RABIES. HYDEOPHOBIA. 211 

derstood by him, who has been accustomed to 
scan the ordinary niovemeuts of his favorite. 
The decided change which has taken place 
should not be carelessly disregarded, and when 
ever any suspicious indications present them 
"clves, the animal should be securely chained 
or confined, where he may be out of the reach 
of everybody, until the case be clearly delined. 
I do not mean by this, that a suspected indi- 
vidual, wno has already become the subject of 
a marked change of demeanor, should be even 
trusted v/ith his master's lingers, but that he 
should be collared and chained in such a way, 
as to annihilate all risk of injury. The eye 
will generally denote the disposition; therefore 
where suspicion exists, and before the hand be 
extended to touch the animal, he should bo 
playfully spoken to by his master, who may 
gently and jocosely present him some object at- 
tached to the end of a long stick, which will 
be a fair way of testing his feelings. 

He should be excited by his usual watch 
words, that he may afford an opportunity of 
noting his actions. His usual food and water 
should be cautiously placed within his reach ; 
in fine, every precaution should be observed. 



213 KABIES, HYDROPH(JUIA. 

for although cases of Hydrophobia are happily 
rare, the bare idea of it, (as an old lady justly 
remarked,) is no joking matter. Thus, should 
there be nothing amiss, a great deal of uneasi- 
ness may be avoided. Some of the causes ol 
Madness in dogs, I have found to be the follow- 
ing ; exposure to the sun, without the power of 
retreat ; deprivation of water, especially during 
warm weather ; unwholesome food, remaining 
undigested in the stomach ; heat, excitement 
and lack of nourishment, accompanied by con- 
tinued worryiugs, peltings, and drivings ; the 
constant wear and tear of the whole nervous 
system, produced by fleas being allowed to ac- 
cumulate ; the bite of rabid dogs or venomous 
reptiles ; bones or any foreign object stuck in 
the jaw or throat. But a more ordinary im- 
pulse to Kabies than any of the foregoing, I 
believe to be the dogged determination of the 
male in pursuit of the female, more especially 
when great heat, lack of food and water, and 
protracted journeyings are added to the tor- 
ments of unsatisfied lust. Of this I havo 
known several unmistakcable instances ; in- 
deed every circumstance attending these head- 
strong peregrinations combines to agitate and 



KABFES, HYDROPHOBIA. 213 

dir^ordcr tliG wliole nervous ftibric of the natu* 
rally excitable canine. Some years ago, I had 
three cas s of decided madness ; two cansed by 
tlie bite of venomous reptiles ; the third by 
a sunstroke. Of course I safely and securely 
chained all the patients, and marked their daily 
progress. The two bitten subjects grew worse 
and worse, till I relieved them by a merciful 
doMtli ; the third, by my throwing cold water 
on her, three or four times a day and keeping 
her in the cool shade, with little lighl. gradu- 
ally recovered, and afterwards produced sever- 
al litters of puppies, one of which lived just 
long enough to be swallowed by an alligator on 
the banks of the Mississippi. Neither of these 
dogs refused to drink, but the two former had 
lost all power of swallowing, for some time 
previous to my destroying them. Rabies, caus- 
ed by venomous bites or objects sticking in the 
throat or jaws is perhaps the most incurable, 
as it is by no means advisable for the in- 
experienced to risk an operation, at an ad- 
vanced stage of the inflammation. I believe 
many cures might be effected, if the animals 
were only kept safely bound in the shade and 
constantly cooled with water, I mean where 



ARCTIC SLED DOG. 

A noted member of the frigid zone, 
Hardy and tough, adapted to his home, 
To liim the traits of horse and hound belong ; 
His feats the theint; of many a polar song. 
Of wolfish form, yet somewhat stouter groTvn, 
The sled dog, solo in Arctic regions known ; 
With stiffened car erect, keen prowling eye, 
Sharp pointed nose, and coat of varied dye 5 
His dress compounded of a woolly wire, 
Defying cold, disdaining sun or fire : 
In vigor strong, to hardship e'er inured, 
From pampered taste and indolence secured ; 
Of lasting foot, with firm and nervous tread, 
Unwearied drags the cumbrous Lapland sled. 
Or lightly bounding with the travelers' slcigli, 
With gladsome trip, makes seventy miles a day. 
Parry, McClintock, Belcher. Ross and Kane, 
With thankful lip, record his memoried name; 
0"er Greenland snows and ice of Ballin's bay, 
Hungry and gaunt, he led the trackless way. 
For ever barred the sweets of honie to taste, 
Triumphant sped them through the frigid waste. 
O'er the brave Franklin, raise one grateful 

sigh 1 
His faithful dog lies bleached and withered by. 



51(5 K.ABIES, HYDilOi'liOBiA. 

the cause may be indigestion, ovcr-excitcmcnt 
or siinstrolce. AVlienan animal has been bittcM 
by anotlier, Icnown to be mad, I consider it un- 
doubtedly the safest method to destroy him ; 
althouisrli I have l^nown many dogs, wliicli have 
never been affected by the bite, Avhilst otliers 
have become its victims. 

Dipping in salt water, three times following, 
each time keeping the patient under till he is 
nearly exhausted, has been thought to take such 
an effect on the system, as to annihilate the 
venomous power. True, 1 remember a case in 
England, where two dogs were bitten by a 
mad dog, within five minutes of each other. 
One was a Pointer, owned by a great sports- 
man of my acquaintance, who immediately 
drove twelve miles to the salt water, and there 
plunged his favorite almost to death. The 
other dog remained unnoticed and unattended 
to. In a few days after, the neglected animal 
went raving mad and committed fearful ravages, 
whilst the Pointer never portrayed the most 
remote symptom of Hydrophobia, during the 
remaining years of his life. I have also seen 
various persons at Southampton, almost ducked 
to death, to avoid the consequence of the bites 



.-_J 



r' 



ii.\i;ii;s, iiYi)iu)i'ii'.>ufA. 2lT 

of mad (loii's, and tliis was considered an all 
sufficient safeguard. Hut I am ratlier slow at 
hasty infercncc-s, especiall}^ on tlic siil)jcct of 
mad dogs. With regard to tlic fact of tlie 
Pointer mentioned, his system might not liave 
been aa susceptible of absorbing the virus as 
that of iiis unlucky neighbor, neither might he 
liave been as severely bitten, and as it is ■well 
known that all dogs will not be afl'cctcd by 
bites of rabid animals, the Pointer might liave 
belonged to the class of non-absorbents. With 
regard to the pei-sons alluded to, they mirjld 
have been bitten cither by an imaginary mad 
dog, or by one whose nervous system alone waa 
under temporary derangement. 

The bites of really mad animals differ wide- 
ly in tlieir poisoning powers, and in many cases 
1 imagine the danger would be very trifling. 
The venom issuing from a really corrupt sys- 
tem must differ widely in virulence from that 
])roduced by simple nervous excitement. I 
have often been bitten by dogs, laboring un- 
der temporary derangement and mad to all in- 
tents ar.d purposes (if animals unconscious of 
their acts may \y2 termed insane.) and I certain- 
ly have never felt any fear and but little incou- 



?1S RABIES, HYDROPHOBIA. 

venienco from it. Bat the Lite of a really 
rabid nnimal, who has had tlic disease festering 
liis whole frame, is at all times to be dreaded. 
Neither the Fits in Distemper, nor ordinary 
Fits should be nustal<en for Hydrophobia. They 
bear but little resemblance to it. Fits, in rabid 
animals arc preceded by different premonitory 
symptoms, and arc generally the sequ.el of a train 
of incohei-ent, extraordinary and unreasonable 
performances. In all fits, however, the ani- 
mal should be handled A'ery cautiously, as his 
unconsciousness may result in inflicting injury, 
M'here none was intended, and bites are at all 
times more or less poisonous. A person bitten 
by a mad dog should have the wounded parts 
immediately taken out by a skilful surgeon, 
and the sore should be afterwards thoroughly 
burnt out with lunar caustic. I would also re- 
commend the application of a dozen lecclies to 
the neighboring parts, and a soft poultice to 
encourage the flow of blood to a limited extent. 
whilst a bandage be tied above the wound, to 
lessen the circulation, till the operation be ter- 
minated. Cooling aperient medicines cannot 
be amiss ; the treatment however should be 
regulated through the advice of a skilful prac- 
titioner. ^ 



RABIES, HYDROPHOBIA. 219 

From what I have seen and heard, I have 
Bomc little faith in salt water ducking, and 
wonld certainly try it, as it would not be likely 
to do any injury. Do not wait for a Doctor 
to cat out the bite, if he be far off, and you have 
judgment enough to operate, without cutting 
an artery, or risking danger in the loss of 
blood. Time is every thing, and if attended to 
early, there is very little fear of danger even 
from the most venomous bite. Many foolish 
people imagine that if a healthy dog bite a 
person and the animal should at any after 
time become rabid, that the individual may on 
that account become the subject of Hydropho- 
bia. This must be all moonshine. By the eame 
method of reasoning, should the person with 
whom I associate in New York, die of the yel- 
low fever in New Orleans, I must also fall a 
victim to it. How many faithful animals iiave 
been sacrificed, through this nonsensical 
idea! Certainly it were better for a dog to 
suffer death, than that the nerves of an/ human 
being should be continually agitated even by 
such peurile humdrum, yet it is high time that 
reasoning minds should avoid conclusions, 
where there is no connection between cause 




SCOTCH SHEPHERD DO??. 



SHEPHERD DOG. 

'T were vain, the Sheep-dog to depict in vcr«e, 
Iti dof^gerel rhyme, his merits to rehearse ; 
Known in all regions, by a foreign name, 
Distinct his origin, his use the same. 
Of varied caste, of different form and size, 
But ever honest, vigilant and wise ; 
On Grampion hills, on Alps or Pyrenee, 
A matchless hound, of doubtful f)edigree. 
Unlike his brethren, born to lounge at ease, 
Raised on the mountain, nurtured in the breeze, 
The truthful index of his master's eye, 
With him alone, content to live and die. 
On boundless plain or thickly crowded street, 
The faithful Cully, with his troop we meet ; 
With speaking gesture and expression firm, 
Directs each movement, dictates every turn. 
Inured to hardship, dreads nor cold nor storm, 
The sleepless sentinel, his flock to warn ; 
Unseen, alone, his midnight watch to keep, 
The bribeless guardian of the helpless sheep. 
Gentle his sway, yet stern his strict command, 
He guides unerringly his fleecy band ; 
No truant lamb evades his watchful eye, 
Nor dares his sovereign generalship dofj* 



2'2^ RABIES, HYDROPHOBIA. 

and effect. Hydrophobia signifies a dread of 
water ; but it is no proof of canine niadne^^s 
that a dog should refuse to drink, neither is it 
a test of his sanity, should he drink to the full. 
In a certain stage of Hydrophobia, where the 
head is the most affected, anything glistcnirg 
causes the unconscious animal to start and vai-y 
his course. When kept in the dark, or wilh 
little light, the rabid animal will generally 
keep secluded and still ; therefore in all. cases 
of affection of the brain, he should be kept as 
much as possible from the light. Mad dogs 
when not excited by glaring objects often 
drink freely to assuage the fever raging within, 
but in their flighty paroxysms they shun all 
dazzling objects which Hash on their disordered 
yiaioa. 




^ 



COLDS, COUGHS, ASTHMA, INFLAM- 
MATION OF THE IJJNGS. 



Coi.ns and Cough, when unconnected with any 
other complaints are seldom difficult to cure. 
Dogs are very liable to take cold, but we sel-' 
dom notice it, except when we consider it 
either the forerunner or accompaniment of Dis- 
temper, or some serious affection of the lungs. 
Indeed an ordiuar}' cold, discernible only by a 
light watery oozing from the eyes or nose, sel- 
dom requires any medical treatment, should no 
other symptoms present themselves. An emetic 
of common salt, and the next day from half 
a teaspoon to half a table-spoonful of castor 
oil, repeated every two hours, till a good ope- 
ration be eifccted, keeping the animal in a suf- 
ficiently warm place, feeding him rather less 
than usual, (should he be inclined to fat or not 



224 CULT7S. ^c. 

baoituatcd to exercise) will often cure anewly- 
cnntracted cough or cold, witliout further rem- 
edies. Should tliese fail, try the expressed 
fuice of onions, boiled up Avith sugar; a teaspoon- 
ful or so to be given every tlireeor four hours. 
Rubbing the throat and breast with spirits of 
Turpentine and oil in equal parts, or "Butler's 
Mange Liniment," if you have any, will be of 
service. If the dog will drink fish oil of his 
own accord, he may have a teaspoon or table- 
spoonful two or three times a day. A few drops 
of paregoric, in ten times the quantity of water, 
administered occasionally, I have also found to 
afford relief. Distemper-cough, must be treat- 
ed as a part of Distemper and other symptoms 
taken into consideration, but in any case, what 
I here recommend, cannot fail to be of good 
effect. Blisters may be resorted to, should 
other means prove unsuccessful, and sliould 
there be a continuance of fever, the animal may 
be bled. I am no advocate of bleeding ex- 
cept in cases of incurable fits ; blisters also 
Are very troublesome, and I think may general- 
ly be avoided. Small and repeated doses of 
fish-oil tend greatly to relieve Cough or Cold, 
but should not be allowed to act too freely. 



COLDS, &c. 22o 

A warm bed, liglit fare, freedom from damp or 
giKlden chills must however be particularly at- 
tended to. 

Asthma is troublesome, and not so easily g-ot 
rid of. It appears to settle more firmly on the 
constitution than either cough or cold, and is 
commonly the result of over-feeding, of contin- 
ued lack of exercise, of exposure to chills, &c.; 
therefore asthmatic quadrupeds should be kept 
on light diet, or if otherwise, should never be 
fed to the full, be well supplied with fresh 
water, and not be exposed to cold or wet. 
Gentle emetics often relieve for a season ; ruK- 
bing the throat with a powerful liniment, not 
allowing the patient to o-ct fat; gentle and reg- 
ular exercise, all contribute to effect a cure. 
Milk, sweetened with molasses, is good for all 
complaints of the chest in dogs. Asthma is 
with difficulty totally eradicated, but, by at- 
tending to the remedial means, the animal will 
genera-lly suffer but little, except in cases of 
age, or a debilitated constitution. Blisters and 
bleeding are resorted to by those who under- 
stand the business, but their effects are seldom 
of lasting benefit. Hot baths and hearty rub- 
bings arc also very beneficial and the bowels 
should never be constiv)atcd. 



226 COLDS. &c. 

Inflammation of the Lungs imparts to the ani- 
mal a drowsy, sleepy appearance. He is little 
inclined to lie down, and is continually droop- 
ing his head, when sittingonhishaunches, is gen- 
erally very thirsty, Avith little appetite and hot 
breath. It is often an accompaniment to Distem- 
per, when it is more fatal than under any otlici 
circumstances. When this disease is manifest, 
the diet should be very light and nourishing ; 
the animal shotild be kept comfortably warm, 
"troin ten to twenty grains of Nitre with from 
two to five grains of antimonial powder may 
be given morning and evening. A little cro- 
ton-oil or blister-ointment may be rubbed on 
the chest, or a bag of hot hops be placed be- 
tween the fore legs for a few hours. But after 
all, care and attention are the most important, 
as any cold taken by an animal in this state is 
liable to be fatal. The foeces should be careful- 
ly noted, and Diarrhoea or Constipation imme- 
diately attended to. Rapid consumption will 
be the result of Inflammation of the Lungs, it 
the disease be not attended to in time. Warm 
baths, if the animal can be afterwards thorough 
ly well rubbed and dried, will tend to invigo- 



COLDS, AC. 



227 



rate and increase the circulation, but they 
should not be often repeated, or they may have 
the coutrory eilect. 



"l/ON ' 




WORMS 



Worms are yery annoying to Dogs of all 
breeds and ages, but arc seldom fatal, after 
the teething-period. Puppies often come into 
the world, loaded with worms ; if not.thcy gen- 
erally begin to suffer from tlicm, before they 
have left off sucking. In puppies, worms m-ay 
be detected by an enlargement and tightness ot 
the bowels, a weakness in the eyes, coldness of 
the ears, a restless movement from place to 
place, particularly after a ni'^al. Sometimes 
they produce great pain and cause the animal 
to start up, continually uttering distressing 
cries, as though he were suddenly pricked with 
some pointed instrument. In dogs of matiircr 
growth, the suffering does not appear to be 
very severe, but the annoyance generally re- 
veals itself, by the animal dragging his hind 
parts along the ground, when the worms 



WORMS. 229 

npproach the rectum. He will grow lean 
witliout any apparent cause, will sometimes be 
ravenous and at otlier times refuse his food. 
Altliough I believe few full-grown animals fall 
victims to -worms, yet they are a constant 
source of annoyance and destroy botli the com- 
fort and comeliness of the animal. As well 
nigh all dogs are more or less troubled with 
them, and as they may be destroyed without 
resorting to dangerous medicines, the neces- 
sary remedies may be applied, where there is 
suspicion of their presence. In young puppies, 
sometimes a fow small doses of castor-oil will 
carry them off. Should this however, not suf- 
fice, . other medicines must be resorted to. 
There are many excellent remedies for worms. 
The three following I consider all-sufficient : 
First, Cowage and Bitter Aloes. Second, 
finely powdered Glass, followed by a dose of 
Bitter Aloes the next morning. Steel-filings, 
followed by a dose of Aloes the next day. 
Try three successive doses of the first, every 
other morning on tlie animal fasting, if no 
improvement be visible, use tlie second in the 
same way, and if that does not give satisfac* 
tion, administer the third. Either of them may 



POODLE DOG. 

White, black or brown, thick clothed iu WOoly 

hair, 
A geqeral favorite of the Ladies fair ; 
The showman's pet, of mountebanks the boast, 
Said to originate on Gallia's coast. 
Varies in weight, from sixty pounds to tijree, 
Kind disposition, and from malice free ; 
His dress (^of course,) must be in fashion worn, 
His nose, and back, and feet all neatly shorn. 
In courage lacking, yet in fondness true ; 
His merits known, his rices hid to view ; 
Rendered effeminate, by female care. 
By tender petting and from lack of air ; 
Cuddled in laps, and nestled warm in l)ed, 
His pampered appetite on dainties fed ; 
His race has dwindled ; yet a hardy [ew 
Of vigorous growth, his sterner traits renew \ 
Famous in water, vigilant on shore, 
In Paris numerous, in Madrid a bore ; 
Found in all climates, known to every rank, 
The silky Cuban and the curly Frank ; 
To music dances, vaults on head or toe, 
Barks out the hour, or plays at Domino. 
Such are his talents, that ere long, I guowi 
U«'il beat Faul Morphy, into fits at CheM. 



232 WORMS. 

he mixed up in fat or suet, wliicli tlic dog may 
be tempted to sWallow, if the pill be wrapped 
ill a piece of meat ; if not, he may be easily 
made to take it. Rubbing- the bowels with 
spirits of turpentine is very good, but it should 
be rubbed in, till thoroughly dry. Puppiea 
with worms should be kept warm and comfort 
able, ng when wormy they are weak and chilly 
Tliere arc a vq^riety of these worms : thread 
Avorms, tape-worms, wire Avorms, flat-worms 
The wire-worm, I have found the most trouble 
some and fatal ; they are an inch or so long, 
about the size of small twine, very hard, and 
sharp pointed at botli ends. They collect in 
knots, impeding the passage of the foeces, and 
will often, if neglected, bore through into the 
cavity of the bowels, after Avhich the animal 
will not long survive. I have opened many 
puppies, where the intestines have contained 
nothing but worms, proving that what should 
have nourished the animal had been completely 
absorbed by them. Cough is sometimes indica- 
tive of their presence, consequently may 
Bometimes be relieved by the worm medicines. 
An emetic of common salt is a good beginning 
towards their destruction, as they often lodge 



WORMS- 



28S 



in the stomach and sometimes creep out at the 
month and even through the nose. If a dog 
does not gain flesh on a reasonable allowance 
of food, he may be suspected of worms and 
treated accordingly 

Calomel, of course is a great worm cure, \m\ 
I never use it, because I consider the remedy 
worse than the disease. 

WORM DOSES. 

First. 
1-2 ounce Steel-filings, mixed in fat and 
made into twenty-four pills, one more or less, 
to be given every n\orning, according to size of 
dog. 

Second. 
Teaspoonful Cowage ; 48 grains powdered 
Aloes ; made into 12 pills, one more or less to 
be given every morning, 

T/nrd. 
A pinch, more or less of powdered Glass, 
milled ia suet, each dose. 




RHEUMATISM, PALSY, PARALYSIS, 



Diseases of the nerves are not at all uncommon 
with dogs, and arc by no means the most easy 
of maniigement, as they are often the focus of 
other maladies, which seem to revenge them- 
selves on the nervous system, a*nd must not be 
considered mere local affections. They are not 
however so difficult to cure, if taken to in time, 
before t!ie muscles become too contracted to 
admit of restoration. Of co-urse the longer the 
contraction has existed, tiie more distant tlic 
cure ; therefore all nervous affections should 
be taken in liand at the earliest stages. 

Rheumatic affections in dogs, (as well in as 
the hwman race) are more effectually treated by 
simple preventives, than by any amount of 
Gamboge, Colocynth, Calomel, &.c. The fol- 



KllEUMATISM, &C. 235 

lowin;^ causes may snggeat tlic most natural 
remedies, viz : sleeping in the damp, exposure 
to cold after violent exercise, sudden change 
from heat to cold, lack of sufficient circulation 
after coming out of the water, gross feeding, 
combined with lack of exercise, &c. No doubt 
the above arc amply sufficient to produce any 
malady, incident to the canine system ; still, 
well uigh every dog is continually expos-ed to 
them, yet, how few comparatively are troubled 
with rheumatic complaints. 

To the over kindness or cruel treatment of 
the master, are to be attributed tlie majority of 
these ailments. The Sportsman hastily lays 
down his gun and hurries to his repast, wliiist 
the poor dog, who hag traveled three or four 
mi'os to his master's one, is left out of doors, 
chilled and unattended to, impatiently waiting 
at the door for a stray bone, or a few indiges- 
tible scraps, instead of his having been heartily 
rubbed, decently fed and comfortably bedded. 
The house pet is hurried out from under the 
hot stove into the cold air, or is perhaps con* 
demned to shiver awhile at the door, to atore 
for a iTiidemeanor. The favorite Newfoundland 
is indulged to a bath, and tied up dripping to 



28() RHEUMATISM &0. 

his kcnnci ; the trusty guard-dog is allowed 
to bosk all day by the fire, and is condemned 
to bark all night at the moon, to keep 1 imsolf 
warm. Continued constipation of the bowels 
is often productive of various forms of muscular 
atfcction, by checking the regular action of the 
system, and producing an irregular and confin- 
ed circulation. ]nfact, anything that tends to 
disorder the canine fabric may develop its re- 
sults in a rheumatic form. I hope I may not 
be accused of Quackery, if I am inclined to 
treat all diseases more or less alike ; but one 
thing is certain, the stomach and digestive 
organs are the root of almost every malady, and 
must be the first objects of our solicitude, in all 
physical derangements. To many, the idea of 
giving an animal castor-oil for the Ehematisra. 
or Salt for a broken leg, may appear decidedly 
preposterous. But with Rheumatism we must 
also begin by purifying the system and attend- 
ing to the diet. The patient must be ke{)t as 
much as possible from sudden changes, must bo 
fed on light, yet nutritious fare, be provided 
with a comfortable sleeping place and not bo 
allowed to go out in wet weather. In the ken- 
nel to which he is chained, all chinks should 



RHEUMATISM, AC. 



237 



be stopped, to exclude sidc-dranglit?, or he 
should, (if not in the house), be more properly 
kept in the stable, or any convenient enclosure, 
llepeat rubbings, morning and evening of the 
parts afiected with strong penetrating lini 
mcnts," keeping the bowels gently op^-n, antl 
occasionally administering the anti-rheumatic 
compound : 

Gamboge. G grains, ) ^-^ -^ ^^^ 
Colocynth, 3 grains, V ^^. ^^^^ 
Bitter Aloes, 1 scruple, ) 
Divide into six pills, from half a one to 
two whole pills, to be given every evening, 
according to the size of the animal, and ir* 
necessary, a small dose of castor-oil, to be ad- 
ministered every following morning. After 
the above amount of pills have been taken, (or 
six doses), the patient should be allowed to 
remain two days without medicine, unless it 
should be requisite, to stay a looseness or pro- 
mote an evacuation. Setons and blisters may 
be resorted to, should milder treatment prove 
abortive, and when there is inflammation, and 
there be strength enough to warrant bleeding, 
it may occasio-ually prove advantageous. 

"Butlcr'a Mange Liniment," is very eilicacioui. 



238 RHEUMATISM, AC. 

Warm Laths arc often productive of great 
benefit, if tlic animal be not permitted to take 
cold. The muscular affections produced by 
Distemper should be treated in a similar way. 
When tlie hind legs become weak or pairtially 
paralysed, a common pitch-plaster is excellent. 
The hair siiould be thoroughly shaved off, or it 
will not stick : the animal may be either muz- 
zled, or a little oil of Tar rubbed occasionally on 
the plaster Avill generally prevent him from bit- 
ing it. Strychnine has been used to advantage 
in desperate cases of Rheumatism, Palsy and 
Paralysis, and I have known one instance, where 
a dog was cured by a dose intended to kill him. 
With all this, if it be used at all, it should be 
in very minute aoses and under the advice of a 
medical man, and then only us a forlorn hope. 
To Calomel, we are indebted for many cases 
of incurable Ehcumatism : therefore avoid it, 
us much as possible, except in cases, where the 
sufferer is free from exposure, or where other 
remedies have failed ; even then I would 
Only give about a third of the ordinary veterin- 
ary dose, combined with a sufficient quantity of 
Rhubarb to correct it, and Aloes to carry it 
off. As in other disorders, strengthening 



RHEUMATISM, AC. 



239 



medicines may be necessary, snch as Peruvian 
Bark or Gentian Root mixed witli ground 
Allspice. For delicate dogs a covering may 
be made to go over the loins, where there is a 
tendency to weakness, which should be put on 
OT?ly, when he is taken out. 





COACH DOG. 



J 



1 



COACH DOG. 

Denmark ('t 13 said,) was once the favor'd 9lf*?e. 
Where Coacli dogs tirst were wont to cons^re- 

gate ; 
Now graces every canine catalogue, 
The well known spotted coach, or carriage T)og. 
Of growth genteel, of Pointer fortn and weight, 
]< liighly prized by fancy men of late ; 
But every spot must be distinct and c\car, 
Of equal size, and free from blot or sm^ar ; 
His form erect, with tapering tail and tine 
Smooth close-set liair, and perfect every line ; 
Thin drooping ear, clear-chainher'd glassy eye, 
Lest either lacking, should his race belie. 
From mean associates, scornfully abstains, 
Nor mongrel cur his confidence obtains ; 
The horse his friend, tiie stable his delight, 
Follows by day, and beds with him at night ; 
Onward they travel up the hill of life, 
Unenvious, sociable, devoid of strife ; 
Attachment strange, yet true, 'twixt horse and 

hound ; 
For 'mongst them all, was ne'er a traitor found, 
With joyous glance, salutes his friend at dawn. 
And cheers him in his weary journey on ; 
In days of languor, or whatever betide. 
His faithful guardian, sleepless by hia side. 



DISEASES OP THE BYEL 



The eye of the Dog is subject to a variety of 
morbid affections, the majority of which do not 
originate in the eye itself, but in a disordered 
state of the secretions ; therefore, the general 
health has to be taken into consideration whilst 
our efforts are alike directed to the locality. 
The eye may be inflamed from fever within, 
may portray the paleness of general debility ; 
ma}' display its sympathy with disease fastened 
on the whole system, or may be deranged sim 
ply from outward causos ; yet, in nearly all 
cases, the foundation of its cure must be iu 
righting the main-spring. Any disordered ac- 
tion of the secretions will generally be visible 
in the appearance of the eye. Unless the dis- 
ease be purely local, no powerful wash or lotiou 
whatever, should be used to the eye of the Dog. 



DISEASES or THE EYE. 243 

Gently washing with lukewarm milk and water, 
keeping- it perfectly free from mucus, rubbing 
in fresh lai-d, butter or goose grease aror.nd the 
neighboring parts : add to this light fare, ligh 
aperients and little sunshine, and you will do 
more to abate inflanitnatory action, than by 
any powerful application. 

The dull blaeish film, often formed on the eye 
of the distempered animal, requires no applica- 
tion whatever, except that the eye be kept per- 
fectly clean and lightly greased. It generally 
clears away, if the animal recovers; whether 
or not, I consider all local attempts at forcing 
a cure are worse than useless. The film or 
coating that makes its appearance on the eye 
of a healthy animal should not be allowed to 
thicken or increase, or it may eventually termi- 
nate in cataract or blindness. White sugar, 
finely pulverized and blown into the eye 
through a quill, every morning, will at the out- 
set generally effect a cure. A little butter dis- 
solved in tiie corner of the eye is often of great 
service. When the foregoing are unsuccessful, 
finely powdered alum, in minute quantities 
blown into the eye may have the desired effect. 
Should this fail, it may be washed with a weak 



244 DISEASES OF THE EYE. 

solution of sugar of lead, or sulphate of zinc, 
otherwise a solution of nitrate of silver, one 
grain to a wine-glass of water with a tea-spoon- 
ful of brandy in it. Only a drop or two ol 
this must be dropped in the eye morning and 
evening. Common wounds, bruises, swellings 
and such like in the regio^ of the eye, are speed 
ily cured by "Butler's Mange Liniment;" but 
this should never be dropped into the eye. 
Where this is not to be had, a compound of 
Brandy, olive oil, laudanum and turpentine may 
be gently rubbed around but must not be al- 
lowed to enter the eye. Where nothing else 
can be found, goose-grease lard or butter will 
be of great service. Cataract in the eye of {>, 
dofif is seldom cured, if firmly established, as in 
that state, ordinary applications are of little 
service, and few understand the operation of 
removing it ; nevertheless, if the patient be of 
sufficient value, an oculist might operate ou it 
Avith success, as the animal may be safely and 
securely bound for the operation. 

Running eyes are commonly caused by high 
feeding, constant colds, lack of general exercise, 
damp beds, &c. Sometimes they are the result 
of Distemper and often hereditary, in delicate 



DISEASES 0I<' TUB EYli. 245 

and high-bred pets. Keeping the eye clean, 
restricting the animal to moderate fare, allow 
ing him reguhir exercise, keeping him from 
Euddcn chills, forbidding him the hot fire or 
burning sun are among the principal preven- 
tives. This running appears to be a natural 
leak of the system, and unless the health bo 
attended ta. no local application will be avail- 
ing. I am by profession neither Surgeon nor 
Oculist, therefore I shall not enlarge on the 
different affections of tiie eye, nor infringe on 
its anatomical technicalities, fts I am not wri- 
ting a medical work, but propose simply to 
give the results of my own personal experience. 
For any serious operation on the eye, I would 
refer my readers to some competent surgeon or 
oculist, advising them by no means to risk it 
themselves. Tf requisite, soft lukewarm poul- 
tices of bread and water, bread and milk, flax- 
seed, ^c. may be applied with advantage, Avhere 
inflammation arises from any cause whatever : 
as to ])utting on and keeping them in place, it 
must be left to the best judgm.ent of the owner 
of the patient. To keep the eye in a healthy 
state, especially in animals of high bi-eed and 
delicate constitutions, cvcrvthiiio: gross in diet 



CHINESE HAIRLESS DOG. 

Of goodly lorm, oft' portly, plump and round ; 
In every clime occasionally is found ; 
Of liigh repute, in that celestial sphere, 
Wiiere dogs are dainties and fat pork is dear. 
Called Turkisli, South American, Chinese : 
Tho' fitted best, Jolin Chinaman to please ; 
For tastes refined and Epicures decreed, 
Good roasted, boiled, fried, stewed or fricasseed; 
Guards well the house, and keeps the thief at 

bay ; 
Docs useful errands, for Jie folks by day ; 
Bai-ks at their pigtails, licks their stunted feet, 
And grubs his hasty living in the street ; 
But woe betide him, when for cooking fit ; 
It bodes him not, his merit or'his wit ; 
Doomed to the oven, or frying-pan his lot, 
His grave the stewpan, or his tomb the pot. 
Douljtless well known, in ancient days was he, 
Ages before the Anno Domini ; 
They say Confucius fared on Canine stew, 
And sent Pythagoras a chop or two. 
Be't as it may. yet dare not raise a laugh, 
Such menial hounds inspire no epitaph ; 
llicy crave for food, that they rsay fat th« 

faster, 
And die a sacrifice to feed their master. 



248 DISEASES OF THE EYE. 

eliould bo forbidden, and constipation carefully 
avoided. Although in many ca«es, weakness 
and running of the eyes are incurable, the fore- 
going preventives will be far more effective 
than all that medical treatment could ensure. 
Sleeping in a damp place is highly favorable 
to the production of overflowing humors of the 
eye, and no cure can he expected, where an 
animal given to weeping, is thus exposed. 
Bleeding and blistering are sometimes res'orted 
to, for redness and other inflammatory symp- 
toms of the eye, but as few of the unprofession- 
al understand these operations, I shall not re- 
commend them here. Some dogs have natur- 
ally a ferocious redness about the ball or in the 
corner of the eye. When this is consti tutional, 
there arc little hopes of a cure. In cases of 
continued inflammation of the eye, a red hot 
iron, about the size of a common lead pencil, 
may be pressed through the skin, at the back of 
the head, (should other remedies fail) and the 
w.>u-'k1 may be kept open, unr.il u marked im- 
p/ovement or a cure be eifecled. 



DISEASES OF THE EAK. 



Disease of the ear is mostly confined to over 
fed animals. Wanderiiv^ mongrels ai>d dogs 
boarding at their own expense are not so liable 
to outbursts of gross humors. Heavy-coated 
dogs are oftener attacked v/ith it, tliiin the less 
thickly-coated. Regular exercise, cleanliness 
and simple diet are the most important preven- 
tives. The ear is subject to disease in a vari- 
ety of forms ; common inflammation, sores, 
boils, ulcers, canker, polypus, &c. Any ailment 
of the ear may generally be discovered by the 
animal's shaking his head and rubbing it with 
his paw. Should there be any thick or matted 
hair inside the ear, it should be cleared out as 
gently as possible, with a pair of tweexers or 
the thumb and finger. Whatever be the form 
uf the sore, the ear should first undergo a thor- 



250 DISEASES OF THE EAR. 

oug'n cleapsing twice a day with Castile soap 
and lukewarm Avater for two or three days, 
"wit.bout any other application. After every 
washing, the ear should be rubbed perfectly dry. 
After this, a weak solution of alum may be used 
twice a day, gradually increasing its strength 
for three or four days in succession ; after 
Avhich rub in " Butler's Mange Liaiment," which 
never fails to heal up any kind of "vvound or 
sore. If this however be not at hand, make 
an embrocation, composed of one- fourth spirits 
ot turpentine, one-fourth oil of tar, and a half 
of olive oil well mixed together, Avhich. should 
be applied every day. If the ear should be very 
thick and much inflamed, a soft poultice may be 
applied, either of flaxseed meaJ, bread, or In- 
dian meal made with strong green tea. But, if 
we can do without poultices, so much the bet- 
ter, as they are troublesome things, and most 
animals dislike bandaging. It may occasion- 
ally be adA isable to lance a sore, should it con- 
tinue to inflame, after other applications have 
proved unavailing, but should it form a natural 
head, I have found it better to allow it to take 
its course and burst of its own accord. With 
solid tumors, the case is different, if they fail 



DISEASES OF THE EAR. 251 

to diminish from the use of ordiiiarv means, the 
only renieJy is to iiavc them carefully cut out 
by a skillful practioncr. Whatever be used as 
a wash for the car, it should be bloodwarm, 
both oil account of its being more suitable to 
the sore or inflanimation, but far less shocking 
to the auiuuil. A weak solution of extract ol 
load, with one-tenth brandy may be used as a 
wash, and if used bloodwarm, may be poured 
into the ear, if the part affected cannot be 
reached with a sponge. For obstinate diseases 
of the ear, that yield neither to a purification 
of the system, nor to ordinary outward appli- 
cations, tlie base of the ear may be bored with 
a red hot iron, about the size of a common lead 
pencil and the wound kept open till the disease 
is stayed. I have foun.l this to be of great 
benefit : it acts as a counter-irritation and thus 
relieves the affected part. The edges of the 
cars are subject to a scabby mangy appearance, 
Mhich destroys the growth of the hair, and 
somctiin.es gradually inflames the whole flap. 
" IJutier's Mange Liniment" will speedily cure 
this. If it cannot bo had, rub the ear every 
two days with meri urial ointment, and every 
other day it should be thoroughly cleansed and 



252 DISEASES OF THE EAR. 

waalicd off with alcohol, as strong as the aiii- 
mal can L-Gar it. If a violent discharge of the 
ear .should not be checked by the foregoing 
remedies, the nicer may be burnt out with 
caustic. Often a putrid odor will issue from 
the diseased ear. though this cannot continue 
long, when it is kept thoronglily clean. A so- 
lution of chloride of lime, very w^eak, will act 
a,s a purifier. This should be used with tlie 
sponge, if the diseased parts can be reached. 
In curing diseases of the ear, as with all other 
ailments, the most important thing is to attend 
to the general health of the patient, as other- 
Avise the disease may be only driven from one 
locality, to be forced out of another. It may 
be often necessary to muzzle the animal, on ap- 
plying the wash, poultice, seton, &o. ; he may 
easily be kept steady and harmless, and should 
on no account be neglected, on account of his 
aversion to handling, but as little roughness as 
possible should be resorted to. Thorns should 
be carefully extracted from the ear, before any 
inflammation sets in. as they then become more 
difficult to detect and more painful ro extract. 
I recommend as a preventive against sore ears, 
that they be kept perfectly clean by a regular 



DISEASES OP THE DOO. 



253 



systematic cleansing with soap and water. I re 
ally believe liltli to be the grc iindwoi'k of half 
the diseases of the ear, as, ho^vcvcr clean other 
parts of the body may be, the ear is generally 
left in a dirty condition. Few even, who wash 
their little pets prer think of thoroughly cleana- 
ing the iaside of the ear. 




-,....] 




=<i5^i>/.' 



SPRAINS. DISLOCATIONS, FRACTORES, 

WOUNDS, SWELLINGS IN THE 

NECK AND THROAT. 



Sprains, — Growing dogs, in particular, from 
their wild reckless gambols are very apt to 
sprain their joints. I have had a number of 
eases, where a puppy has boconie lame for a 
considerable time, yet the exact nature of the 
sprain could not be defined, as nothing could 
bo felt out of place. I have therefore been led 
to sup[)Ose that some of the small tendons 
uniting the joint were over-strained. If not 
attended to early, a constant lameness may be 
he result. The rubbing in of a strong liniment 
Buch as "Butler's Mange Liniment," or any 
other powerful counter-irritant, bathing the 
part often with cold water, enforcing on the 
%nimal perfect rest, administering cooling med- 



SPRAIXS, AC. 255 

tcine sliould there be any sign of inflammation 
iire about the best means of effecting a res 
toration. 

Dislocation, or the displacement of a joint, 
s!ioiild be immediately sought for, shou-ld there 
be the least suspicion of its existence ; as a 
joint remaining unset for a time, not only be- 
comes difficult to re-set, but serious inflamma- 
tion may arise, from its being neglected, and 
the cure be rendered exceedingly difficult. By 
carefully feeling for the joint and moving the 
limb gently backwards and forwards, a disloca- 
tion may be easily detected, and little skill 
will be required in setting ; but don't pull too 
hard at once ; let your efforts be graduated, 
according to necessity, or you may strain the 
nerves in rigliting the bones. After all is 
made riglit, the same means may Vjc used as 
those recommended for Sprains. 

Fracturks demand more skill in their treat- 
ment, as the bones require to be set in their 
place, and small pieces may have sometimes to 
be extracted. The splinters (two thin pieces of 
wood, whalebone or cardboard) should be care- 
fully put on and bandaged over with a strip of 
calico, under an inch in breadth, butgrcatcau- 




TURNSPIT DOG. 



TURNSPIT DOG. 

JTcllow or 1)rown, with mnzzle often black, 
Low bandy legs, and disproportioned back ; 
E} e ol intcllijrciicc. car rather small, 
Nose quite extensive, teeth, the best of all ; 
Short coat, stout builr, inelegant in form, 
Problem unsolved, where Turnspit first waa 

born ; 
His home the kitchen, 'prenticcd to the cook, 
He notes her movenicnts, scans her every look. 
When fat and lazy, and for work unfit. 
Is oft' incog., when called to turn the spit ; 
Hides in the garret, or would fain be lame, 
So <Jii ner's lat", ajid Bandy gets the blame. 
Defends his post beside the kitchen lire; 
Nor stranger dare provoke his latent ire ; 
Displays his ivories, and witii angry tone, 
Growls out menacingly, " let me alone." 
Unlike hie compeers, rever made a pet, 
Confined at home, and at his duties set, 
His working lime p'raps three scant hoars a 

day, 
From them, unguarded, slyly steals away. 
Although his master often may you greet, 
Ashamed t' acknowledge Bandy in the street; 
Alone perchance you'll find hiin on the jog. 
The awkward, crookleggcd, lireside kitchen 

dog. 



258 SPRAINS, etc. 

tion must be used, not to tiglitlien them too 
inucli, which would pro-ducc iuflammation ; ycf. 
tlw)y must at the same time be mado fast cnouji^h, 
to prevent them slipping, or causing- a disunion 
of the bones. It should not be taken off until 
the fracture be thoroughly and stoutly knit, un- 
less there should be appearance of inflamma- 
tion. The dog should bo kept at rest, until 
sufficiently recovered, and then he should for a 
season be led on the chain, and not be allowed 
to romp at discretion. The fracture may be 
afterwards daily strengthened by penetrating 
liniments, and cold water applications. Frac- 
tures, other than of the limbs, will require 
skilful treatment, or must be left to work their 
own cure. Dogs are wonderful creatures and 
really recover the most dospcrato poundings, 
without njcdical advice or surgical aid; there- 
fore, what you don't understand, you had bet- 
ter let alone. 

Wounds are seldom difficult of cure, and 
will heal up witJiout our assistance, unless the 
system be disordered ; in which case, cooling 
medicines may be necessary to purify the blood 
and facilitate the efforts of Natiir<}. If a 
W(»und be large, it should be s<nved up with 



BPRAIXS, &c. 259 

thread; by uniting the parts, it will lieal the 
sooner. Oil of Tar and olive-oil in equal parta 
will both cleanse and heal a wound. " Butler'3 
Mange Liniment-" is also a speedy cui-e. Any 
kind of grease is soothing, but should have no 
salt in it, unless the uound )>e foul, in wliich 
case it may be washed occasionally with weak 
alum water, which is very cleansing and pi-c- 
vents the formation of proud llesfi. For mange 
sores, use "Butler's liniment." In any case, 
keep the animal cool and quiet ; provide him 
with light food, fresh water and comfortable 
lodgings. 

Sv/ELUx\GS IN THE NECK AND THROAT Will 

sometimes make their appearance, so unexpect- 
ed and suddenly, that we are at a loss to ac- 
count for their origin. With external swel- 
lings, I have seldom found any difficulty. Spir- 
its of turpentine, oil of Tar and olive-oil in 
equal parts form an excellent liniment, which 
should be well rubbed in morning and evening. 
Should lancing be necessary, it siiould be done 
by some one that under-stands it, and this not 
till the inflammation has pretty well reached 
its height. Cooling medicines may be neces- 
sary to purge the system and lessen thctenden- 



ey to putretactioii in (ho Imniors. Any strong 
liniiuoiit will be of service, and if none can be 
had, batliing tlic part in cold water may effect 
a cnre, or if you will tie the animal up in a 
cool place, feed him light, g-ive him a iTuular 
supply of fresh water and a little cooling med- 
icine, a cure will generally be effected. Na- 
ture, with a little encouragement knows well 
how to reject impurities, that have been forced 
upon her. Should the swelling arise through 
any foreign object having poisoned the ]iart, 
every effort should be made to extract it ; if 
this cannot be effected, linseed- meal with a lit- 
tle oil of Tar nmy be used as a poultice, or a 
pitch-plaster with a hole in the centre be 
placed over tiio part. AVhen the swelling is 
inside the mouth or in the throat, it becomes 
more serious and difficult of management, as 
when there is irritation or pain inside the 
njouth, a dog gets restless and is sometimes dif- 
ficult to handle, without endangering one's 
fingers. Blisters and liniments may, however, 
be applied to the neighboring parts. Objects 
stuck in the throat should be pushed down with 
the first suitable thing that may present itself, 
as, if the animal be choking there is no time to 



BPJtATNS, AC. 261 

be lost. A pliable twit;-, a tea.«poon, or table- 
ppoori will answer tlin ]mrpose ; a piece of 
wlialcl)one will do bett(;r. For any settled 
ailment of the throat, an occasional emetic of 
common salt will generally greatly relieve the 
suffering, by cleansing the diseased part, rid- 
ding it of purulent matter and perhaps burst- 
ing the sore. J3ut with all swellings in the in- 
terior of the mouth and neck, I recommend the 
animal's being safely chained, a3 he will some- 
times becomes exceedingly irritable; so much so, 
as not to produce IIydroi)holjia, but such a 
nervous timidity (I presume) that he dreads the 
approach of any one, and is willing to attack 
anything, in apparent self defence. I have 
seen several cases of this kind, where my ad- 
vice has been luckily attended to, thus avoid- 
ing any amount of alarm, if not of decided 
danger. For all disorders of the neck, thront, 
Sec, the bowels should be kept in a pi-oper 
state, the diet should be light, and the dog 
should be kept as quiet as possible. When he 
is unable to eat solid food, he should be supplied 
with soup, milk, &c. A teaspoon of olive-oil, 
now and then will afford thet'iroat some relief, 
as well as impart nourishment to the animal. 



PUG-DOG. 

Black nose, with body brown and curly tail, 
Old fasliion Pug I Come tell us whence you 
i hail I 

Thy race declines, thy former history fades, 
Tlio' once the idol of forlorn old maids. 
And t' were as well ; thy compact form displaya 
Far nobler traits than speak thy meaner ways : 
Pugnacious front, round head and daring eye, 
Thy bumps renowned Phrenoloarists defy. 
With noisy yelp, both friend and foe he hail?, 
But briskly flies, when ought of pluck assails ; 
Growls at tlie moon, and starts at every crack, 
And at the sound of danger, turns his back. 
Doubtful his pedigree, his origin obtuse, 
'Tis clear he's more for ornament than use ; 
Yet still, with all his faulte, there surely is 
Something unique about his matchless j)hiz. 
lie must have thought how men could be such 

brutes, 
To pluck his liearing organs by the roots ; 
A fancy notion, say they, of the man, 
A Ilollander, who brought him from Japan. 
Companion of the gentler sex alone, 
'Tis thought that hence he might have timid 

grown ; 
If true it be that " manners make the man,'' 
What makes the Pug ? let him decide who can. 



SORE FL'ET. 



Hunting dogs especially are frcqiientiy sul»ject 
to sore feet. The causes are: traveliivr I'aron 
the hot ground or on a gravelly soil, over work, 
frost, mange eruptions, improper feeding, &c., 
but the most prominent of all, is lack of regular 
exercise. Any human being, unaccustomed 
either to riding or walking, Avill feel the sore 
effects of a prolonged pedestrian or equestrian 
exercise. Therefoi-e the greatest preventive 
against sore feet is regular doily exercise. Aly 
experience in this is confirmed by multitudes 
of professional Sportsmen. 

The remedies ai"e various. Sometimes 
simply washing the feetAvith alum water will 
eiVect a speedy cure. Whatever he the applica- 
tion, the feet must first be thoroughly cleansed, 
and be well pMtected against dust, dirt, other- 



BORE FEET. 265 

wise the cure must naturally be delayed, oi 
ihe evil increased. A few days rest on clean 
straw and the aj)plicatioii of fresh lard, two or 
three times a day may be sullicieiit, should 
the feet be siu)j)ly cracked with the heat. 11 
tlie hair Ije falling oiF and einptions apj)ear, 
" Butler's Mange Liniuient'' will clfcct a cure. 
If it proceed from a general grossness through 
the whole system, the diet should be light, and 
g'juLle aperient medicines will lie of service. 
A flaxi^oed poultice is excellent, where then; is 
inflammation. The feet should be caiefiilly 
Avashcd Avith Castile soap and luke-warin 
water, before every application and the pouliice 
should not be left on till dry, nor too often 
repeated, which might cause an enlargement of 
the wounds. The diet should be light, the 
animal should be allowed very little exercise, 
and the general stale of his health should be 
attended to. In dry parched weather, leath- 
ern boots are a great protection to the feet, 
Avhcn theie is any tendency to soreness. The 
dog must be l)abituated to them, before he is 
taken out, or he will find them too great an 
annoyance, to permit him to attend to his 
duties. Should the toenails grow inconven- 



2()6 



SORE FEET. 



iontly long-, they had better be filed olT. aa 
they are apt to injure the feet, and prove an 
aunoyuucc to the auitual. 




REMARKS ON ILLUSTRATIONS. 



In presenting to the public what I believe to 
be faitliful representations of sundry varieties 
of the Canine Specios, I cannot dare presume, 
that even the knoivhvj ones\>'\\\ pronounce them 
all to reflect the image of unadulterated stock; 
first, because there does exist a great variety 
of appearance, even in animals of pure and un- 
suspected blood ; secondly, our ideas of purity 
seldom exactly agree, owing to a peculiarity of 
stamp, preferred by different fancy-breeders. 
Nevertheless, the animals have been selected 
by the Artist and myself, as the fairest speci- 
mens, which our united judgments could dic- 
tate, as the most likely to convey the idea oi 
distinct Pedigree, to the total exclusion of Mon 
grelism. I can simply vouch for their being 
true to the life, and trust that in charity, all de 



268 KEMARKS OX ILLUSTRATIONS. 

fects may be antributedto the Doojs, rather than 
to the Artist or myself. 

Bruno. — The illustration represents a well 
trained animal, in possession of the Author. 
The breed owes its origin to the St. Bernard, 
Newfoundland and Alpine Shcphcrddoii', al- 
though I commonly term them the St. Bernard 
Newfoundland. The Sire, old Pjruno.was pur- 
chased of rae by B. M. Whitloek, Esq., of New 
York city, by whom he is highly esteemed and 
treated like an educated dog should be. 'J'liis 
breed is everything that can be desired, being 
equal in size, and (T think) supei-ior to all 
others, in beauty, intelligence, activity and 
vigilance. Height from 30 to Si inches ; 
weight from 130 to 200 lbs. 

St. Bernard. — These dogs take their name 
from a mountain of the Alps, celebrated for a 
Convent inhabited by Monks, who breed and 
train them for the purpose of carrying provis- 
ions to travellers, Avho may chance to lose their 
way in the deep and ofttiuies imjjassable snows, 
riiey are from 29 to Bi inches in height; length 
from 6 1-2 to 7 fo-et, and wlien in good condition 
will weigh as high as 200 lbs. Their color is 
i^'onerally bull* or light red, the muzzle dark 



REMARKS ON ILLUSTRATIONS. 269 

They are not presumed to be an original breed 
but appear rather to be a mixture of Spanish 
Mastiff ajid Bh:)odhound. 

The NewI'^oundland is perhaps better known 
than the majority of breeds, being a general 
fiivorite. There are various stamps of New- 
foundlands, varying both in shape, growth and 
hair, according to the latitude of their nativi- 
ty. The pure should be entirely black. Tbey 
may be greatlv iniDroved by a judicious cross, 
after which tne coiors ol course are inclined to 
vary. On the Sea coast, he will subsist entire- 
ly on raw fish, and spends the greater part of 
his time in the water. 

St. Bernard Newfoundland, is a cross be- 
tween the St. Bernard and Newfoundland. He 
is a fine large, handsome, majestic and respect- 
able looking dog, remarkable in beauty, sa- 
gacity and intelligence. His height is from 30 
to 34 inches, and I have had them weiali over 
200 lbs. He appears to inherit the virtues of 
both Sire and Dam, without any of their fail- 
ings. Their colors vary from jet-black down 
to light fawn-color. 

Bij^ODHouND is the largest of the Hound 
Hpedes. but his appearance and courage indi- 



270 REMARKS ON ILLUSTllATIONS. 

cate a tinge of Mastiff or Bull-dog. The pure 
okl fashion breed is nearly extinct, and various 
stamps oJ" Dogs are now termed Bloodhounds. 
ITe is not naturally such a ferocious animal as 
h.is name might imply, but as lie is trained to 
follow the scent of human blood, he is deserv- 
edly dreaded by those, who are unacquainted 
with him. He is principally renowned for 
catching Negroes, and when put on thescentof 
a man will follow it as true as the Harrier does 
the Hare. 

Scotch Deer-hound appears to have origin- 
ated in an amalgamation of Scotch Terrier and 
Greyhound. He is powerful, fleet and coura- 
g-eous, and measures sometimes over 30 inches 
in height. His hair is rough, and generally of 
a yellowish color. In him are combined the 
nerve of the Foxhound, with the fleetness of the 
Greyhound. These dogs are rare, and fetch 
occasionally enormous prices, as few ever own 
them but the Nobility and Gentry, who hold 
almost exclusive possession of the pure Stock. 

Stag HOUND, Chanticleer. — A true English 
Slaghound of the staunch old breed ; now all 
but extinct. This race of hounds is very rare, 
even in England ; the fast going modern Fox- 



REMARKS ON ILLUSTRATIONS. 271 

liouTid, (bred cliiefly for speed) having banished 
the old breed from tlie kennels. In the days 
when this Hound Avas used, the liunter was a 
strong compact horse, not fast, but a good fen- 
cer, agreeing in every respect with the sturd}-, 
deep-mouthed pack, he was called upon to fol- 
low. At present, the fashion is altered, and 
higher bred animals are required to keep pace 
with the pack before him. 

Foxhound, JoLLyBOY.— This extraordinary 
Hound was bred in Patterson, N. J., and comes 
from a race of black and tan Foxhounds alike 
celebrated for their speed and mettle. His 
real time is not known, but from his astonish- 
ing performances, it is fair to presume he may 
outlast anything, than can be biouglit into com- 
petition with him. A glance at his short round 
barrel, his monstrous shoulder, the broad and 
ample quarters, the firo of his eye, and the res- 
olute dare-devil expression of his face Avill be 
a sufficient guide, as to what the tout ensemble 
of a good lasting Foxhound shoidd be made of. 
IJis owner challe-ngeg him, without hesitation, 
against any Hound, which England or the 
United States can produce, to run drag. Fox or 
Deer. No fence has been found too high for 



MONGREL. 

Call liiin Newfoundland, Turnspit, Pointer, 

Skyc ! 
Crooked leg, long back, snub nose and bleary 

eye : 
With Setter head, Hound-car and Terrier-tail! 
Whilst Pug and Poodle on the whole prevail ! 
A public nuisance, and the neighbors pest ; 
His homo the gutter, and the street his rest ; 
Nor road, nor path, nor byeway, but reveals 
Some sneaking Yipyap, skulking at one's heela. 
Incessant yelps, cries tliief by night and day, 
Put thief in sight, the Mongrel shirks away ; 
Mocks the faint echo of each canine tone. 
Yet (lies impromptu, frightened at his own. 
To title such a despicable brute. 
Demands a sobriquet, his race to suit ; 
By dogdom doomed, of wit and merit stript, 
Outcast, plebeian, Mongrel, nondescript, 
But may exclaim some educated Cur : 
*' Why l)!ast our race, by such contemptuous 

slur? 
Pause, pity, ponder thy polluted page, 
Rude, raving rhymist, rest thy ranting rage ; 
Among us rare, the Mountebank or Scholar, 
And rarer yet the Cur, that's worth a Dollar ; 
Yet treat us well, and train us like a Setter, 
A Mongrel's word for't,wc'd b3 ten times better." 



274 KEMARKS ON TLLUSTRATIOXS. 

liiiii, no run too Iodjt, and no Hound soiflicient- 
]y swift to show liim the road, 

Hauuieu, "Barmaid.'' — An honest represen- 
tation of an honest hunter. Small, light made 
and possessing wonderful power of nose, she 
is able to keep her place in the field, with the 
best of Foxhounds ; often performing miracles 
in cold weather, when tlie leading hounds are 
at fault. Barmaid was never known to over- 
run her game. Our iliust)ation gives her ac- 
tion, "when running at full cr}', aii'd will be rec- 
ognized by many, who have witnessed her 
performances. 

Beagi.e is the smallest of tlie Honnd Species. 
They were formerly limited in packs, but since 
the introduction of faster stock, their use has 
been discontinued. lie has superior scent and 
great endurance, and is the best dog in exist- 
ence for rabbit-hunting, on account of his slow 
pace and diminutive size. 

GuEYiioUND (English) is perhaps the most 
elegant of all tlie hunting breeds. His sppcd is 
supposed to equal that of the fastest race-horse. 
If thorough bred, he runs wholly by sight, 
which is superior to that of any other dog. In 
a coursing match, should he attempt to make 



REMARKS ON ILLUSTRATIONS. 275 

use of his scenting powers, he would be ruled 
off the course, as foul-bred. They require 
great care and attention in hot climates, as on 
account of the thinness of their pelts, they ara 
very susceptible of atmospheric chaiipcs. 

Greyhound, Italian, is rery similar to the 
English, but much smaller and too flimsy and 
delicate, to be of any service in the field, though 
certainly the most graceful of parlor-pets. 
Some, when full grown will not exceed 6 or 8 
lbs. inAveight. 

Pointer is much similar to the Setter, in his 
natural instincts, and equally varies in size and 
color. He is more suitable than the latter for 
Sporting in hot weather, on account of his 
thinner covering. Several countries boast of 
theii- celebrated breeds of Pointers. My own 
opinion is that they are equally good in all lat' 
itudes, when they are well trained. 

Setter when well bred is a very elegant dog, 
and deservedly esteemed for his game-hunting 
propensities. His color, size and appearance 
vary (like the Pointer) according to the taste 
and judgment of the breeder, but as three or 
four shades often appear in the same litter, the 
idea of color regulating the quality of the an 



276 REMARKS ON ILLUSTRATIONS. 

iraal, can scarcely be snpporti^d. Tlie Setter 
appears to originate from the Pointer and 
Spiuiiel. For hard work and endurance, he 
may be considered superior to the Pointer. 

Water Spaniel is larger than the Cocker 
Spaniel, liis ears are longer and his coat more 
curly. He is superior to all others for aquatic 
purposes, and is more particularly serviceable 
in duck shooting. His disposition is of the 
most amiable, and his affection unwavering. 

Cocker Spaniel is very much used in En- 
gland, in Woodcock and Snipe-shooting ; is 
good on all kinds of game, ratlier inclined to 
be wild, is more difficult to train than Pointer 
or Setter. He is little used in tlie United 
States, as the method of (raining him is not 
generally understood. There is a great varie- 
ty of so called Cocker Spaniels, varying in 
weight from 12 to 20 lbs. Their color is gen- 
erally liver or liver and white. They appear 
never to tire, where either hair or leather is at 
stake. 

King Charles' Spaniel. — This breed takes 
it name from Charles 2nd, who was the first to 
introduce thein into England. Some suppose 
them to have originated in Japan, as there ex* 



REMARKS ON ILLUSTRATIONS. 277 

ists there a breed, somewliat similar yet larger. 
To be perfect, a Charles' Spaniel should have 
7 good points: round iiead, sh.ort nose, long cur- 
ly oars, lariic full eyes, color black and tan, 
Avithout white, perfect synune-try of form, and 
under 10 lbs. weight. Such is the original of 
the illustration : cost 44 Guineas in London. 
He is now in my possession. A short time ago, 
one was sold at public auction in England, and 
realized the sum of 525 guineas or over 2600 
Dollars ! They would be good hunting dogs, 
wei-e they not too much enfeebled by confine- 
ment, indulgence. &e. 

Blkxheim Spaniel takes his name from a 
village near Oxford, England, where the breed 
has been kept particularly select. lie is very 
much similiar in appearance to the King 
Charles, but generally more delicate and slen- 
der ; they are both no do-ubt of the same origin. 
The Blenheim varies in color ; orange and 
white, black and tan and white, &c., according 
to the fashion of the day. 

Arctic- DOG. — The dog represented is of the 
Dmaller breed of Polar-dogs, and was brought 
to New York in one of the ships of the " Kane 
Expedition." Weight about twenty pounds. 



278 TEJIARKS ON ILLUSTRATIONS. 

He is remarkable for his activity and vigi- 
lence, and his souse of hearing is far more aoite 
than that of any other dog I Ji-ave ever owned. 
He lias pluck enough to face anything, but will 
never quarrel, except when jealous of atten- 
tion, bestowed on others, when he becomes 
wholly ungovernable. 

Japan DoG.—This dog is the property of 
Captain McClooney, and was brought by him 
in the Japan Expedition under Commodore 
Perry. He resembles slightly the Charley and 
Blenheim stock, but lacks their bea\ity and sym- 
metry of form. 

English Mastiff has a serious, majestic air, 
is of a noble and coui-ageous temperament, dis- 
daining even to exchange civilities with an or- 
dinary cur, or to take offense at trifling insults 
from his inferiors. He is rather slow in his 
movements, and perhaps not as vigilant as some 
of his cotemporaries ; yet the terror imposed 
by his stern and resolute aspect may atone for 
his lack of activity. His height may be from 
28 to 30 inches, and he is well proportioned 
and muscular. 

Bulldog is th.o most courageous and nn. 
flinching of the whole canine race. The pure 



REMARKS ON ILLUSTRATIONS. 279 

breed is now raroly to be seen, and is well 
nig"li extinct. The cross with the Terrier, 
(either Scotch or English), produces a superior 
animal, rivaling the Bull in pluck, and con- 
verting his dogged independence into a lively 
amalgamation of activity, beauty and useful- 
ness. Whatever horrid ideas may be connected 
with the word Bull-dog, Ave are indebted to 
liim for much of the energy, pluck and endur- 
ance imparted to other breeds, which otherwise 
might liave faded out. , 

Bull-terrier is a cross from the Bull-dog 
and Terrier, and is one of the most useful 
guard-dogs now in use. In the woods he is an 
overmatch for the Badger, Fox, Skunk, Coon, 
&c. His courage is equal to that of the Bull- 
dog, and none can excel him in activity, 
vigilance or sagacity. No animal is more 
abused, or less deserving of it. The illustra- 
tion represents my celebrated Dog, Tiger, to 
Avhom I am indebted for seventeen years of 
active service. Tiger knew about all that a 
dog can know, did all that any dog could per- 
form and was faithful even to deatli. (See his 
Life and Adventures, published by the Author.) 

Scotch-terrier is a name now generally 



280 REMAUES ON ILT.USTRATIONS. 

given to ever}- small sized dog, Avitli a rough 
woolly polt. 1'lie breed has varied perhaps more 
tluui any other, on account of the tendency in 
cross breeds to produce sometlnng Ulx the oi-ig- 
inal. and there is no rcgnlai- standard, by which 
to test their purity. ]le is the liardicst of all 
dogs, very courageous and partic-idnrly zealous 
in the destruction of all kinds of hairy verniin. 

Skyk Tkhrieu is originally from the Isle of 
Skye to the north of Scotland. He is very 
rough, Avith h>ng body and short legs, has 
rather a wcazley shape, and is a first rate rat 
killer. 

WiRK Tkrrieu is a cross between the Scotch 
and English Terrier, and is quite as good as 
either of them for destroying rats ai;d other 
vermin. Gay, tough and venturesome, he 
rushes forward, in spite of brake, briar or cat's 
claw. 

English Terrier (black and tan), is an 
elegant animal, wiien finely bred and well cared 
for. The illustration represents a female of 
the true old lash ion breed. These dogs are 
very quick and intelligent ; generally excellent 
ratters and may be trained to hunt anything. 
They vary greatly in weight, from two to 



REMARKS ON ILLUSTRATIONS. 281 

twenty-five poiindS; liaving of late years bo&ii 
greatly rerincd by crossing with the Italian 
Greyhound. If ])ersisted in, this produces som*" 
very elegant specimens, but tiieir proportions 
generally lack symmetry, and they become deli- 
cate and unfit for active service. 

Poodle is well known the world over, and is 
famous for his fantastic performances and gym- 
nastic exercises. They vary exceedingly in 
size and ap|>earance, &c., from the different ef- 
fects of climate and usage. Weight varying 
from 2 to 60 lbs. They are Avitliout courage, 
and their instrinsic value has yet to be revealed. 

CoACn-DoG, Avhen full bred is a very beauti- 
ful animal. If perfect, he should be evenly 
spotted from tip to tip. Each spot should be 
perfectly distinct and not interfere with anoth- 
er. There are several ramifications of these 
dogs, said to be natives of Denmark, Dalmatia, 
&c. They api)ear to form a stronger attach- 
ment to the horse, tlian any other animal, and 
are capable of performing long journeys, keep- 
ing exact pace with their favorite. The true 
breed is valuable and difficult to procure. 



282 REMARKS OX ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Prixce-dog, or Siberian Blood-rodnd. — 
Prince is the largest Dog known in modern 
times ; inoasiiring 3G 1-2 inches in height, 7 
feet, 9 inches in length, weighing over 20011)3. 

This breed was probably well known to tha 
Romans in days of yore, when the combat with 
wild beasts was a striking feature in the impe- 
rial pastimes. The Author hal the honor of 
introducing this celebrated Dog to Her 
Majesty and the Court at Windsor Castle, 
when Prince wa.3 unanimously decided to be 
the Iving of Dogs. I am still in possession of 
the stock. 

SiiEPiiHRD Dofi, Scotch Colly, may be termed 
the most faithful of all Dogs. He lives a life 
ol s)litude, consequently neither his manners 
nor his morals are corrupted. Tie is both 
master and slave to his flock, a perfect pattern 
of patience, fidelity and generalship. 

There are sundry varii'ties of the Shepherd 
Dog, diiTering in size and feature ; every canine 
belonging to a Shephenl. being dubbed with 
that title. The Scotch Colly weighs from 45 
to GO lbs. 

Tub Turnspit derives his name fr.nn his 
H) 



REMARKS ON ILLUSTRATIONS. 2^'3 

avocation. Weight from 15 to 20 lbs. ; long 
low and ban;ly legged, resembling the German 
Beagle, thongh his nose is longer, and his cars 
shorter, lie is snappish, sullen, and unsociable, 
and has little but a good act of teeth to recom- 
mend him. 

Tub Pug-Dog was once a very liishionable 
and appropriate appendage to an old maid. 
He is not unlike the Bull-dog, in appearance ; 
yet his very antipodes in merit : barks at 
every tiling, but turns his back upon the mean- 
est foe. Color yellow, with black nose ; tail 
thorouglily curled ; weight from 15 to 25 lbs. 
His race is well nigh extinct, and who shall 
dare regret it ? 

Chinesk Hairless Dog. — A noted dish in 
the Celesiial Empire. There is a variety of 
these Dogs, differing much in size, from 7 to 
40 llxs. weight. In shape they are similar to 
the English Terrier. They are not very agree- 
able to the touch, and are adapted only for 
warm climates. They are active, intelligent 
and faithful, and worthy of a nobler fate than 
to be petted for tlio stew-pan, or pampered 
for the pot. 



284 



R6.MAKRS ON ILLUSTRATIONS. 



Sled-Dog. — These animals perform tlio 
duties of both Horse and Hound. Their en- 
durance in harness is truly astonishing. They 
are acciistomeii to hard work, scanty fare and 
ill-usaue : yet they never desert their post, or 
forsake their master. They are natives of the 
extreme northern latitudes, consequently ill- 
adapted to Southern climates. 

To them we are partially indebted for the dis 
coveiries of Parry, Ross, M'Clintock, Kane &c. 




PRACTICAL HINTS TO OWNEUS OF 
PET DOGS, SiQ. 



Give your dog a little less tlia-n ho can cat, 
and a little more than he can drink. All food 
is belter cooked. Avoid raw meat in hot 
voatlier. Keep your pet Ironi the lire ; givo 
a conilortable bed, but don't cover up. Don't 
let hiiu get too lat ; if he become too corpu- 
k'ut, shorten his fare and increase his exercise ; 
if need be, administer gentle aperients. Be 
careful in washing to rub dry, and wrap well 
up, till the trembling is past. Give your do"* 
a careful examination at least once a week. 
Ueware of lleas : they create great excitement 
ami iirltation, Mange, &c., producing fits and 
perhaps consumption and death. Avoid all 
salt meats; yet a little salt should be added to 
all that is in process of cooking. One good 
meal a day is enough for a sturdy dog ; pup- 
pies and delicate animals had better be fed 
twice. To ensure a good watchdog, feed once 
u day, in the morning. IJis nocturnal vigils 










--• '-4' ^^ ^ 

4%]' * 



PRACTICAL HINTS, 287 

will bo inspirited by his abdominal ycaniinga. 
Feed at regular hours and give a liltlc excr* 
else hainedlaidij after, to avoid a domcstio 
catastrophe, lie particularly cai'cful in feed- 
ing puppies ; they will always eat more than 
tlioy can conveniently digest. Feed as littlo 
meat to them a3 possible, unless well amalga- 
mated witii cooked meal or vegetables. This 
rule is more or less applicable to the whole 
canine fraternity. Don't believe such indi- 
gestible nonsense, about a worm in a dog s tail, 
or under his tonguj ; [)lace no faith in having 
his tail bitten oli" ; don't waste tlic lump of 
insoluble brimstone in his w.-iter. Don t up- 
braid your do^ for his indill'erence, ii you 
allow him half-a-dozen masters. Don't admin- 
ister more punishment to him. than is absolutely 
necessary, and never forget to make it up with 
him after a scourging. Never let a /awa: fms 
pass unrcliuked, nor a transgression unpar- 
doned. Let puppies have plenty of exercise, 
and see that your watch dog has a staple, 
chain, collar and spring, that arc jtcrfoctly 
reliable. J3e careful to give cool shade in 
Eummcr, and warm shelter in winter. 



APPENDIX. 



Mr. Edward Jesse, keeper of the Queens 
Park, London, in liis " Anecdotes of Bogs," Las 
shown great research and study oa this noble 
animal, which has been truly styled "the most 
fjaithful friend of man." In the following pages 
will be (bund many good things from his work : 

A French writer has boldly affirmed, that 
with the exception of women there is nothing 
so agreeable, or so necessary to the comfort of 
man, as the dog. This assertion mny readily 
be disputed, but still it will be allowed that man, 
deprived of the companionship and services of 
the dog, would be a solitary and, in many re- 
spects, a helpless being. Let us look at the 
shepherd, as the evening closes in and his flock 
is dispersed over the almost inaccessible heights 
of mountains ; they are speedily collected by 
his indefatigable dog — nor do his services end 
here : he guards either the flock or his masters' 
cottage by night, and a slight caress, anl the 
coarsest food, satisfy him for all his trouble. 
The dog performs the services of a horse in the 



290 APPENDIX. 

more northern regions. In the destruction of 
wild beasts, or the less dangerous stag, or in at- 
tacking the bull, the dog has proved himself to 
possess pre-eminent courage. In many instances 
he has died in the defence of his master. He 
has saved him from drowning, warned him of 
approaching danger, served him faithfully in 
poverty and distress, and if deprived of sight 
I'.as gently led him about. When spoken to, 
he tries to hold a conversation by the move- 
ment of his tail or the expression of his eyes. 
If his master wants amusement in the field or 
wood, he is delighted to have an opportunity of 
procuring it for him ; if he finds himself in. 
solitude, his dog will be a cheerful and agreea- 
ble companion, and may be, when death comes, 
the last to forsake the grave of his beloved 
master. 

There are a thousand little facts connected 
with dogs, which many, who do not love them 
as much as we do, may not have observed, but 
which all tend to develop their character. For 
instance, every one knows the f(jndness of dogs 
for warmth, and that they never appear more 
contented than when reposing on the rug before 
a good fire. If, however, we quit the room, 



APPENDIX. 291 

our dog leaves his warm berth, and places him- 
self at the door, where he can the better bear 
our footsteps, and be ready to greet us when we 
re-enter. If we are preparing to take a walk, 
our dog is instantly aware of our intention. 
He frisks and jump.^ about, and is all eagerness 
to accompany us. If we are thoughtful or 
mehmchol}^, he appears to sympathise with us; 
and, on the contrai-y, when we are disposed to be 
merry, he shows by his manner that he I'ejoices 
with us. We have often watched the effect 
which a change in our countenance would pro- 
duca If we frown or look severe, but without 
saying a word or uttering a sound, the effect is 
instantly seen by the ears dropping, and the 
eyes showing un happiness. Before a dog, how- 
ever, arrives at this knowledge of the human 
countenance, he must be the companion cf your 
walks, repose at your feet, and receive his food 
from your hands: treated in this manner, the 
attachment of the dog is unbounded ; be be- 
comes fond, intelligent, and grateful. When- 
ever Stanislas, the unfortunate King of Poland, 
wrote to his daughter, he always concluded his 
letter with these words — "Tristan, my com- 
panion in misfortune, licks your feet : " thus 
showino; that he had still one friend who stuck 



292 APPENDIX. 

to Lira in his adversity. Such is the animal 
whose propensities, instincts, and habits, we 
propose to iUustrate by various anecdotes. 

The propensities of the dog, and some of 
tliem are most extraordinary, appear to be in- 
dependent of that instinct which PaJey calls, 
" a propensity previous to experience, and inde- 
pendent of instruction." Some of these are 
hereditary, or derived from the habits of the 
parents, and are suited to the purposes to wiiich 
each breed has long been and is still applied. 
In fact, their organs have a fitness or unlitness 
for certain functir.ns v;ithout education; — for 
instance, a very young puppy of the St. Ber- 
nard breed of dogs, when taken on snow lor the 
first time, will begin to scratch it with consid- 
erable eagerness. We have seen a young poin- 
ter of three or four weeks old stand steadily on 
first seeing poultry, and a well-bred terrier pup- 
py will show a great deal of ferocity at the 
sight of a rat or mouse. 

Some naturalists have endeavored to trace 
the origin of the dog from the fox ; while 
others, and some of the most eminent ones, are 
of opinion that it sprung from the wolf. The 
former theory is out of the question. The wolf, 
joerhaps, has some claim to be considered as the 



APPENDIX. 293 

parent animal, and that he is susceptible of as 
strong attachment as the clog is proved by the 
following anecdote, related by Cuvier: 

He infoi-ms us, that a young wolf was brought 
up as a dog, became familiar with every person 
whom he was in the habit of seeing, and in 
particular, followed his master everywhere, 
evincing evident chagrin at his absence, obeying 
his voice, and showing a degree of submission 
scarcely ditfering in any respect from that of 
the domesticated dog. His master, being obliged 
to be absent for a time, presented his pet to the 
Menagerie du Roi, where the animal, confined 
in a den, continued disconsolate, and would 
scarcely eat his food. At length, however, his 
health returned, he became attached to his keep- 
ers, and appeared to have forgotten all his 
former aC'ection ; when, after an absence of 
eighteen months, his master returned. At the 
first word he uttei'ed, the wolf, who had per- 
ceived him amongst the crowd, recognized him, 
and exhibited the most lively joy. On being 
set at liberty, the most affectionate caresses were 
lavished on his old master, such as the most 
attached dog would have shown after an absence 
of a few days. 

A second separation was followed by similar 



294 APPENDIX. 

demonstrations of sorrow, ■vvliich, however, a- 
gain yieldjed to time. Three years passed, and 
the wolf was living happily in company with a 
dog, which had been placed with him, when his 
master again returned, and again the long-lost 
but still-remembered voice was instantly replied 
to by the most impatient cries, which were re- 
double 1 as soon as the poor animal was set at 
liberty ; when rushing to his master, he threw 
his fore-feet on his shoulders, licking his face 
with the most lively joy, and menacing his 
keepers, who offered to remove him, raid to- 
wards whom, not a moment before, he had been 
showing every mark of fondness. 

A third separation, however, seemed to be too 
much for this faithful animal's temper. He be- 
came gloomy, desponding, refused his food, and 
for a long time his life appeared in great danger. 
His health at last returned, but he no longer 
suJfered the caresses of any but his keeper, 
and towards strangers manifested the original 
savageness of his species. 

It must, in fact, be always an interesting 
matter of inquiry respecting the descent of an 
animal so faithful to man, and so exclusively 
his associate and his friend, as the dog. Accord- 
ingly, this c[uestion has been entertained ever 



APPENDIX. 295 

since Natural History took the rank of a science. 
But the origin of the dog is lost in antiquity. 
We find him occupying a place in the earliest 
pagan worship ; his name has been given to one 
of the lirst-montioned stars of the heavens, and 
his effigy may be seen in some of the most an- 
cient works of art. Pliny was of opinion that 
there was no domestic animal without its un. 
subdued counterpart, and dogs are known to 
exist absolutely wild in various parts of the old 
and new world. The Dingo of New Holland, 
a magnificent animal of this kind, has been 
shown to be susceptible of mutual attachment 
in a singular degree, though none of the exper- 
iments yet made have proved that he is capable, 
like the domestic dog, of a similar attachment 
to man. The parentage of the wild dogs has 
been assigned to tlie tame species, strayed from 
the dominion of their masters. This, however, 
still remains a question, and there is reason to 
believe that the wild dog is just as much a na- 
tive of the wilderness as the lion or tiger. If 
there be these doubts about an animal left for 
centuries in a state of nature, how can we expect 
to unravel the difficulties accumulated by ages 
of domestication ? Who knows for a certaintj- 
the true prototype of the goat, the sheep, or ox ? 



296 APPENDIX 

To the unscientific reader sucli questions might 
appear idle, as Laving been settled from time 
immemorial ; yet they have never been finallv 
disposed of. TLe difacultj, as with the dog 
may be connected with modifications of form 
and color, resulting from the long continued 
interference of man with the breed and habits 
of animals subjected to this sway. 

Buffon was very eloquent in behalf of the 
claim of the sheep-dog to be considered as the 
true ancestor of all other varieties. Mr. Hunter 
would award this distinction to the wolf; tup- 
posing also that the jackal is the same animal 
a step further advanced towards civilization, or 
perhaps the dog returned to its wild state. As 
the affinity between wolf, jackal, fox, and dog, 
cannot fail to attract the notice of the most su- 
perficial observer ; so he may asf^: if they do 
not all really belong to one species, modified by 
varieties of climate, fpod, and education? If 
answered in the negative, he would want to 
know what constitutes a species, little thinking 
that this question, apparently so simple, involves 
one of the nicest problems in natural history. 
Difference of form will scarcely avail us here, 
for the pug, greyhound, and spaniel, are wider 
apart in this respect, than many dogs and the 



APPENDIX. 297 

wild animals just named It lias often been 
said that these varieties in the dog have arisen 
from artificial habits and breeding through a 
long succession of jears. Tliis seems very 
like mere conjecture. Can the grej? hound be 
trained to the pointer's scent or the spaniel to 
the bulldog's ferocity? But admitting the 
causes assigned to be adequate to the effects, 
then the forms would be temporary, and those 
of a perrament kind ordy would serve our pur- 
pose. Of this nature is tlie shape of the pupil 
of the eye, which may be noticed somewhat par- 
ticularly, not merelv to make it plain to those 
who have never thought on the subject, but with 
the hope of leading them to reflections on this 
wondrous inlet to half our knowledge, the moi-e 
especially as the pai't in question may be ex- 
amined by any one in his own person by the 
help of a looking-glass. In the front of the 
eye then, just behind the transparent surface, 
there is a sort of curtain called the iris^ about 
the middle of which is a round hole. This is 
the pupil, and you will observe that it contracts 
in a strong light, and dilates in a weaker one, 
the object of which is to regulate the quantity 
of light admitted into the eye. Now the figure 
of the pupil is not the same in all animals. In 



298 APPENDIX. 

the liorse it is oval ; in the wolf, jackal, and 
dog, it is roTincl, like our own, however con- 
tracted ; but in the fox, as in the cat, the pupil 
contracts vertically into an elongated figure, 
like the section of a lens, and even to a sort of 
slit, if the light be very strong. 

Tliis is a peimanent character, not affected, 
as far as is at present known, by any artificial 
or natural circumstances to which the dog has 
been subjected. Naturalists, therefore, have 
seized upon this character as the ground for a 
division of animals of the dog kind, the great 
genus Canis of Linnseus, into two groups, the 
diurnal and nocturnal ; not to imp)}' that these 
habits necessarily belong to all the individuals 
composing either of these divisions, for that 
would be untrue, but simply that the figure of 
the pupils corresponds with that frequently 
distinguishing clay-roaming animals from those 
that prowl only by night. 

We will give a few anecdotes to show how 
different this animal is in his specific character 
to the wolf, and that he has a natural tendency 
to acknowledge man as his friend and protector, 
an instinct never shown by the wolf. 

In Ceylon there are a great number of what 
are called wild dogs, that is, dogs who have no 



APPENDIX. 299 

master, and who liaiint villages and jangles, 
picking up what food thej are nble to find. If 
joii meet one of these neglected animals, and 
only look at him with an expression of kiiid- 
ness, from that moment he attaches himself to 
jou, owns yoLi for his master, and will rem.ain 
faithful to you for t!ie remainder of his life. 

"Man," says Burns, "is the God of the dog; 
he knows no other ; and see how he worships 
him ! With what reverence he crouches at his 
feet, with what reverence he looks up to him, 
with what delight ho fawns upon him, and witli 
what cheerful alacrity he obeys liim ! " 

Such is the animal whicli the brutality of man 
subjects to so much ill-treatment; its character 
depends very much on that of his master, kind- 
ness and confidence produce the same qualities 
in the dog, while ill-usage makes him sullen and 
disti-ustful of beings far more brutal than him- 
self. 

We have had many opportunities of observing 
how readily dogs comprehend language, and 
how they are aware when they are the subject 
of conversation. A gentleman once said in the 
hearing of an old and favorite dog, who was at 
the time basking in the sun, — " must have 
Ponto killed, for he gets old and is offensive." 



300 APPENDIX. 

The clog slunk awa_y, and never came near his 
master afterwards. Many similar anecdotes 
might be brought forward, but I will mention 
one which Captain Brown tells us he received 
himself from Sir Walter Scott. 

" The wisest dog I ever had," said Sir Walter, 
"was what is called the bulldog terrier. I 
taught him to understand a great many words, 
insomuch that I am positive that the communi- 
cation betwixt the canine species and ourselves 
might be greatly enlarged. Camp once bit the 
baker, who was bringing bread to tlie flnnily. 
I beat him, and explained the enormity of his 
offence ; after which, to the last of his life, he 
never heard the least allusion to the story, in 
what ever voice or tone it was mentioned, with- 
out getting up and retiring into tiie darkest 
corner of the room, with great appearance of 
distress. Then if you said, "the baker was 
well paid," or, "the baker was not hurt after 
all," Camp came forth from his hiding-placcj 
capered, and barked, and rejoiced. When he 
was unable, towards the end of his life, to at- 
tend me when on horseback, he used to watch 
for my return, and the servant would tell him 
"his master was coming down the hiil, or 
through the moor," and although he did not use 



APPENDIX. SOI 

any gesture to explain his meaning, Camp was 
never known to mistake liini, but either went 
out at the front to go up the hill, or at the back 
to get down to the moor-side. He certainly had 
a singular Jvnowledgc of spoken language." An 
anecdote from Sir Walter Scott must be always 
pleasing. 

Mr. Smeliie, in his "Philosophy of Natural 
History," mentions a curious instance of the 
intellectuil f iculty of a d(^g. lie states that "a 
o:ro3er in Edinburgh had one which for some 
time amused an I astonished the people in the 
neighb()urho.)d. A. man who v»^ent through 
the streets ringing a bell and selling jjies, hap- 
pened one day to treat thij (log with a pic. 
The next time he heard t!io });eman's bell he ran 
iaipetuoas^y toward him, seized him by the coat 
and would not suffer him to pass. The pieman, 
who understood what the animal wanted, showed 
him a penny, and pointed to his master, who 
stood at the street-door, and saw what was going 
on. The d )g iinraediately supplicated his mas- 
te:- by many humbb gestures and looks, and on 
receiving a penny he instantly carried it in his 
mouth to the pieman, and received his pie. 
This traffic between the pieman and the grocer's 



302 APPENDIX. 

dog contiimed to be daily practiced for several 
months." 

The affections which some dogs show to their 
masters and mistresses is not only very often 
surprising, but even afl'ecting. An instance of 
this lately occured at Brighton. The wife of a 
member of the town council at that place had 
been an invalid for some time, and at last was 
confined to her bed. During this period she 
was constantly attended by a taithfnl and affec- 
tionate dog, who either slept in her room or out- 
side her door. She died, was buried, and the 
dog followed the remains of his beloved mis- 
tress to her grave. After the funeral, the hus- 
band and his friends returned to the house, and 
while they were partaking of some reJreshment 
the dog put his paws on his master's arm, as if 
to attract his attention, looked wistfully in his 
face, and then laid down and instantly expired. 

In giving miscellaneous anecdotes in order to 
show the general character of the dog, we wall 
mention the following very cui-ipus one : 

During a very severe frost and fall of snow 
in Scotland, the fowls did not make their ap- 
pearance at the hour when they usually retired 
to roost, and no one knew what had become of 
them ; the house-dog at last entered the kitchen, 



APPENDIX, 308 

having in his mouth a hen, apparently dead. 
Forcing his way to the tire, the sagacious animal 
laid his charge down upon the v,^arni hearth, and 
immediately set off. He soon came again with 
another, which he deposited in the same place, 
and so continued till the whole of the poor bii'ds 
were rescued. Wandering about the stack-yard, 
the fowds had become quite benumbed by the 
extreme cold, and had crowded together, when 
the dog observing them, effected their deliver- 
ance, for they all revived by the warmth of the 
tire. 

Mr. Bell, in his "History of British Quad- 
rupeds," gives us the following fact of a dog 
belonging to a friend of his. This gentleman 
dropped a louis d'or one morning, when he was 
on the point of leaving his house. On returning 
late at night, he was told by his servant that the 
dog had fallen sick, and refused to eat, and, 
what appeared vei-y strange, she would not suffer 
him to take her food away from before her, but 
had been lying with her nose close to the vessel, 
without attempting to touch it. On Mr. BelTs 
friend entering the room, the dog instantly 
jumped upon him, laid the money at his feet, 
and began to devour his victuals with great 
voracity. 



804 APPENDIX. 

" It is a curious fact, says Mr. Jesse, that dogs 
can count time. I bad, when a boy, a favorite 
terrier, wiiich always went with me to church. 
My mother thinking that lie attracted too much 
attention, ordered the servant to fjasten him up 
every Sunday morning. He did so once or 
twice, but never afterwards. Trim concealed 
himself every Sunday morning, and either met 
me as I entered the chui'ch, or I found him un- 
der my seat in the pew." Mr. Soulhey, in his 
"Omniaua," informs us that he knew of a dog, 
whicli was brought up by a Catholic and after- 
wards sold to a Protestant, but still refused to 
eat any meat on a Frida3^ 

A gentleman who had a dog of a most en- 
dearing dis))ositioii, was obliged to go on a jour- 
ney periodically once a-month. His stay was 
short, and his departure and return very regular, 
and without variation. The dog always grew 
uneasy when he first lost liis master, and moped 
in a corner, but recovered himself gradually as 
tne time for his return approached ; which he 
knew to an hour, nay to a minute. When he 
was convinced that his master was on the road, 
at no great distance from home, he flew all over 
the house ; and if the street door happened to 
be shut, he would suffer no servant to have any 



APPENDIX, 305 

rest until it was opened. The moment lie ob- 
tained Lis freedom away lie went, and to a cer- 
tainty met his benefactor about two mile.3 from 
town. He i^layed and frolicked about liim till 
he had obtained one of his gloves, ^vitll which 
he ran or rather Hew home, entered the house, 
laid it down in the middle of the room, and 
danced around it. When he had sufiiciently 
amused himself in this manner, out of the house 
he flew, returned to meet his master, and ran 
before him, or gambolled by liis side, till he ar- 
rived with him at home. "I know not (says 
Mr. Dibdin, who relates this anecdote), hov^ 
frequently this was repeated ; but it lasted till 
the old gentleman was infirm, and incapable of 
continuing his joui'ueys. 

Colonel Hamilton Smith, in the "Cyclop.'edia 
of Natural History," mentions a curious instance 
of fidelity and sagacity in a dog. He informs 
us that "in the neigborhood of Cupar, in the 
county of Fife, there livid two dogs, mor>al 
enemies to each other, and who always fought 

desperately whenever they met. Capt E 

was the master of one of them, and the other 

belonged to a neighboring farmer. Capt. E 's 

dog was in the practice of going messages, and 
even of bringing butchers' meat and other ar- 



30() APPENDIX. 

tioles IVoiu Cujxir. 0;ie day, ^vll^c returning 
cbargxxl with a basket containing some pieoos 
of mutton, ho was attakod l\v sonic of the curs 
of the town, who, no doubt, thought the ])rizc 
worth contending for. The assault was fierce, 
and of sonic duration ; but the messenger, after 
doing his utmost, was overpowered and com- 
pelled to yield up the basket, though not before 
he had secured a part of its contents. The 
piece saved from the wreck he ran off with, at 
full speed, to the quarters of his old enemy, at 
whose feet he laid it down, stretching himself 
beside it till he had eaten it up. A few snuffs, 
a few whispei-s in the ear, and other dog-likc 
courtesies, were then exchanged ; after winch 
they both set off together for Cupar, where they 
worried almost every dog in the town ; and, 
what is more remarkable, they never afterwards 
quarn.'led, but were always on friendly terms." 

That society and culture soften and moderate 
the passion of dogs cannot be doubted, and they 
constantly imbibe feelings from those of their 
master. Thus, if he is a coward, his dog is 
generally found to be one. Dogs are, however^ 
in many • respects, rational beings; and some 
proofs of this will be given in the present worlc. 
Thev will watch the countenance of their mas- 



APPENDIX. 307 

ter — tliey will understand words which, thougii 
addressed to others, they will apply to them- 
selves, and act accordingly. Thus a dog, which 
from its mangy state, was ordered to be de- 
stroyed, took llie first opportunity of quitting 
the ship, and would never afterwards come near 
a sailor belonging to it. If I desire the servant 
to wash a little terrier, who is apparently asleep 
at rny feet, he will quit the room, and hide him- 
self for some hours, A clog, though pressed 
with hunger, will never seize a piece of meat 
in presence of iiis master, though with his eyes, 
his movements, and his voice, he will make the 
most humble and expressive petition. Is not 
this reasoning? 

Both the wild and domestic dog, appear to 
be possessed of and to exercise forethought. 
They will bury or hide food, which they are 
unable to consume at once, and return for it 
But the domestic dog, perhaps gives stronger 
proofs of forethought; and we will give an in- 
stance of it A large metal pot, turned on one 
side, in which a great quantity of porridge had 
been boiled, was set before a Newtbundland 
puppy of three or four months old. At first, 
he contented himself by licking off portions of 
the oatmeal which adhered to the interior, but 



308 APPE>"DIX. 

finding this unsatisfactorv, he scraped the mor- 
sels with his fore-paws into a lieap, and then 
ato the whole at once. We had a dog, who, 
having scalded his tongue, always afterwards, 
when given his milk and water at breakfast, put 
his paw very cautiously into the saucer, to sec 
if the liquid was too hot, before he would touch 
it with his tongue. 

Dogs have frequently been known to hunt, in 
coujdes ; that is, to assist each other in securing 
tiieir prey : 

At Palermo, in Sicily, there is an extraordi- 
nary quantity of dogs wanilering abo\it without 
owners. Aniong'st the number, two more par- 
ticularly distinguished themselves for th.eir ani- 
mosity to cats. One day they were in pursuit 
of a cat^ which, seeing no other pUice of refuge 
near, made her escape into a long earthen water- 
pipe which was lying on tlie ground. These 
two insepirable companions, who always sup- 
ported each other, pursued the cat to the pipe, 
where they were seen to stop, and apparently 
to consult each other as to what was to be done 
to deceive and get possession of the poor cat 
After they had stood a short time they divided, 
taking post at each each end of the l>ipc, and 
began to bark alternately, changing places while 



APPENDIX. 809 

so diiin.L,'', thus giving' Uio cat reason to suppose 
thai lh(!y were both at one end, in order to in- 
duce lier to come out. Tins rnanoeuver liail a 
successful result, and the cheated cat Icl't her 
liidiii<^-phice. Scarcely had she ventured out, 
when she was seized by one of th(! do^^s ; the 
other hastened to his assistance, and in a lew 
nionients deprived her of life. 

In the small town of Mclljournc, in l);rby- 
shire, cocks and liens may be se(;n runnin;j; about 
the streets. One day a <^:ime cock attacked a 
small bantam, and they Ibught biriously, the 
bantam havini^ of cours) the worst of it. S;)me 
persons were standing about looking at the fight, 
when my informant's house-dog suddenly darted 
out, snatched up the bantam in his mouth, and 
carried it into his house. Several of th(! sp(!(;- 
tators follow(;d, believing that the ])oor fowl 
woulil be killed and eaten by the ('og; but his 
intentions were of a more benevolent nature. 
Alter guarding the entrance of the kennel for 
some time, he trotted down the yard into the 
street, looking about to the right and left, and 
seeing that the coast was clear, he went back a- 
gai'i, and on(.-(! mon; relnrncd with ]\\s jji-otf;/'' hi 
his mouth, safely deposited him in the street, 
and then walked quietly away. JIow few hu- 



310 APPENDIX. 

man beings ^YOu]cl Lave acted as this dog had 
done I . 

Here is another curious anecdote from Mr. 
Davy's work. He says that the cook in the 
house of a friend of his, a lady on whose accu- 
racy he could rely, and from whom he liad tlie 
anecdote, missed a marrow-bone. Suspicion 
fell on a well-behaved dog — a great favorite, 
and up to the time distinguished for his honest}'. 
He was charged with 'the theft ; he hung down 
his tail, and for a day or two was altered in liis 
manner, having become shy, sullen, and sheep- 
ish. In this mood he continued, till, to the 
amusement of the cook, he brought back the 
bone and laid it at. her feet. Then, with the 
restoration of her property, he resumed his 
cheerful manner. How can we interpret this 
conduct of the dog better than by supposing 
that he was aware he had done amiss, and that 
the evil-doing preyed on him till he had made 
restitution? Was not this a kind of moral 
sense? 

If a dog finds a bone while he is accompany- 
ing his master in a walk, he does noi stay be- 
hind to gnaw it, but runs some distance in ad- 
vance, attacks the bone, waits till his master 
comes up, and then proceeds forward again with 



APPENDIX. 811 

it. By acting in this manner, ne never loses 
sight of liis master. 

A dog has been known to convey food to an- 
other of his species who was tied up and pining 
for want of it. A dog has frequently been seen 
to pb.inge voluntarily into a j-apid stream, to 
rescue another that was in danger of drowning. 
lie has defended helpless curs from the attacks 
of other dogs, and learns to apportion punish- 
ment according to the provocation received, fre- 
quently disdaining to exercise his power and 
strength on a weaker adversary. Repeated pro- 
vocation will, however, excite revenge. For 
instance, a NewfoundUmd dog was quietly eat- 
ing hi 3 mess of broth and broken scraps. 
While so emploved, a turkey endeavored tr> 
share the meal with him. The dog growled, and 
displayed his teeth. The intruder retired foi- a 
moment, but quickly returned to the charge, 
and was again "warned off," with a like result. 
After three or four attempts of the same kind, 
the dog became provoked, gave a sudden iero- 
cious growl, bit off the delinquent's head, and 
then quietly finished his meal, Vvdthout bestow- 
ing anv further attention on his victim. 

The celebrated Leibnitz related to the French 
Academy an account of a dog he had seen 



812 APPENDIX. 

which was taiiglit t(i speak, niid could call in an 
intelligible manner for tea, coffee, chocolate, &c. 

The dog was of a middling size, and the prop- 
erty of a peasant in Saxony. A little boy, tho 
peasant's son, imagined that he perceived in tlie 
dog's voice an indistinct resemblance to certain 
words, and was, therefore, determined to teach 
him to speak distinctly. For this purpose he 
spared neither time nor pains with his pupil, 
who was about three years old when his learned 
edacation commenced ; and .at length he made 
such progress in language, as to be able to artic- 
ulate no less than thirty words. It appears, 
however, that he was somewhat of a truant, 
and not very willingly exerted his talents, being 
rather pressed into the service of literature, and 
it was necessary that the words should be first 
pronounced to him eac!i time before he spoke. 
The French Academicians who raantiou this 
anecdote, add, that unless they had received the 
testimony of so great a man as Leibnitz, they 
should scarcely have dared to relate the circum- 
stmce. 

''An invalid gentleman" says Mr, Jesse, "who 
resided for some years on Ham Common, in 
Surrey, had a dog which distinctly pronounced 
John, William, and two or three other words. 



r' 



APPENDIX. 813 

A medical friend of mlr,c v/lio attended this 
gentleman lias frequently Leard the animal 
utter these words ; and a female relative of his, 
who was often at a visit at his house, assures me 
of the fact. Indeed it need not be doubted."' 

A dou'. beloncfins]; to the late l)r, Ilobcrt 
Hooper, had been in the constant habit of per- 
forming various little personal services for his 
master, such as fetching his slippers, &c. It 
happened one day that Br, Hooper had been 
detained by his 23rofessional duties much beyond 
his usual dinner hour. The dog impatiently 
waited ibr his arrival, and he at last returned, 
weary and hungry. After showing his pleasure 
at the arrival of his master, greeting him with 
\\\3, usual attention, the animal remained tolera- 
bly quiet until he conceived a reasonable time 
had elapsed for flic preparation of the Doctor's 
dinner. As it did not, however, make its ap- 
pearance, the dog went into the Idtchen, seized 
with his mouth a half-broiled beef-steak, with 
which he hastened back to his master, placing 
it on the table-cloth before him. 

The following anecdote shows extraordinary 
sense, if not reasoning faculty, in the dog : — 

A lady of high rank has a sort of colley, or 
Scotch shepherd-dog. When he is ordered to 



314 APPENDIX. 

ring the bell, he does so; but if ho is told to 
ring the bell when the servant is in the room 
whose duty it is to attend, he refuses, and then 
the following occurrence takes place. His mis- 
tress says, " Ring the bell, dog." The dog looks 
at the servant, and then barks his bow wow, 
once or twica The order is repeated two or 
three times. At last the dog lays hold ot' the 
servant's coat in a significant manner, just as if 
he had said to him — " Don't j'ou hear that I am 
to ring the bell for you ? — come, my lady." 
His mistress always had her shoes warmed be- 
fore she put them on, but one day during the 
hot weather her maid was putting them on with- 
out their having been previously placed before 
the fire. When the dog saw this he immedi- 
ately interfered, expressing the greatest indigna- 
tion at the maid's negligence. He took the 
shoes from her. carried them to the fire, and af- 
ter they had been warmed as usual, he brought 
them back to his mistress with much apparent 
satisfaction, evidently intending to say, if be 
could, "It is all right now." 

At Albany in Worcestershire, at the seat of 
Admiral Maling, a dog wont every day to meet 
the mail, and brought the bag in liis mouth to 
the bouse. The distance was about an eighth 



APPENDIX. 315 

of a mile. The dog usually received a meal of 
meat as his reward. The servants having, on 
one day only^ neglected to give him his accus- 
tomed meal, the dog on the arrival of the next 
mail buried the bag, nor was it found without 
considerable search. 

A gentleman residing in Denmark, M. De- 
couick, one of the king's privy councillors, found 
that he had a remarkable dog. It was the hab- 
it of Mr. Decouick to leave Copenhagen on 
Fridays for Drovengourd, his country seat. If 
he did not arrive there on the Friday evening, 
the dog would invariably be found at Copen- 
hagen on Saturday morning, in search of his 
master. Hydrophobia becoming common, all 
dogs were shot that were found running about, 
an exception being made in the case of ]\[r. 
Decouick's dog, on account of his sagacity and 
fidelity, a distinctive mark being placed upon 
him. 

The following anecdotes are from Daniel's 
*' Eural Sports :"— 

Dr, Beattie, in one of his ingenious and ele- 
gant essays, relates a story, in his own knowl- 
edge, of a gentleman's life being saved, who 
fell beneath the ice, by his dog's going in quest 



316 APPENDIX. 

of assistance, and almost forcibly dragging a 
farmer to the spot. 

Mr. Yaillant describes the losing cf a bitch 
while travelling in Africa, when after firing his 
gun, and fruitlessly searching for her, he de. 
spatched one of his attendants, to return by the 
way they had proceeded ; when she was found 
at about two leagues' distance, seated by the 
side of a chair and basket, which had dropped 
unperceived from his wagon : an instance of 
attentive fidelity, which must have proved fatal 
to the animal, cither from hunger or beasts of 
prey, had she not been luckily discovered. 

As instances of the dog's sagacity, the follow- 
ing are submitted : In crossing the mountain 
St. Gothard, near Airola, the Chevalier Gaspard 
de Brandenberg and his servant were buried by 
an avalanche ; his dog, who escaped the heap 
of snow, did not quit the place where he had 
lost his master : this was, fortunately, not far 
from the convent ; the animal howled, ran to 
the convent frequently, and then returned. 
Struck by his perseverance, the next morning 
the people from the house followed him; he led 
them directly to the spot, scratched the snow, 
and after thirty-six hours passed beneath it, the 
chevalier and his domestic were taken out safe, 



APPENDIX. 317 

hearing distinctly during their confinement tlie 
howling of the dog and the discourse of their 
deliverers. Sensible that to the sagacity and 
fondness of this creature he owed his life, the 
gentleman ordered by his will that be should be 
represented on his tomb with his dog ; and at 
Zug, in the church of St. Oswald, where he \vas 
bui'ied in 1728, they still show the monument 
and the effigy of this gentleman, with the dog 
lying at his feet. 

Colonel Hutchinson relates the following an- 
ecdote : — 

'• A cousin of one of my brother-officers was 
taking a walk at Tunbridge Wells, when a 
strange Newfoundland snatched her parasol fj-om 
her hand, and carried it off. The lady followed 
the dog, who kept ahead, constantly looking 
back to see if she followed. The dog at length 
stopped at a confectioners, and went in, followed 
by the lady, who, as the dog would not resign 
it, applied to the shopman for assistance. He 
then told her that it was an old trick of the 
dog's to get a bun, and that if she would give 
him one he would return the property. She 
cheerfully did so, and the dog as willingly made 
the exchange." 

The above anecdote proves that dogs are no 



318 APPENDIX. 

mean observers of countenances, and that he 
had satislied himself by a previous scrutiny as 
to the probability of his delinquencies being 
forgiven. 

We will give a laughable philosophical ac- 
count of dogs, under the supposition of a trans- 
migration of souls, and with their general natu- 
ral history from Linieus and Buffon, from a 
facetious believer in the art of distinguishing 
at the sight of any creature, from what class of 
animals his soul is derived. 

The souls of deceased bailiffs and common 
constables are in the bodies of setting dogs and 
pointers ; the terriers are inhabited by trading 
justices ; the bloodliounds were formerly a set 
of informers, thief-takers, and false evidences; 
the spaniels were heretofore courtiers, hangers- 
on of administrations, and hack journal-writers, 
all of whom preserve their primitive qualities 
of fawning on their feeders, licking their hands, 
and snarling and snapping at all who offer to 
offend their master ; a former train of gamblers 
and black-legs are now embodied m that species 
of dog called lurchers; bull-dogs and mastiffs 
were once butchers and drovers; greyhounds 
and hounds owe their animation to country 
squires and foxhuntcrs; little whiffling, useless 



APPENDIX. 319 

• 

lap-dogs, draw their existence from the quondam 
beaa ; macaronies, and gentlemen of the tippy, 
still being the 23laythings of ladies, and used 
for their diversion. There are also a set of sad 
dogs derived from attornies; and puppies, who 
were in past time attornies' clerks, shopmen to 
retail haberdashers, men-milliners, &c. &(•. 
Turnspits are animated by old aldermen, who 
still enjoy the smell of the roast meat ; that 
dronii^g, snarling species, styled Dutch pugs, 
have been fellows of colleges : and that faithful, 
useful tribe of shepherd's dogs, were, in days ol; 
yore, members of parliament, wlio guarded tlie 
flock, and protected the sheep from wolves and 
thieves, although indeed of late some hav3 
turned slieep-biters, and worried those they 
ought to have defended. 

The manner in which the shepherds of the 
Pyrenees employ their peculiar breed of dogs, 
which are large, longhaired, of a tawny white 
color, and a very strong build, with a ferocious 
temper, exhibits a vivid instance of the trust 
the^^ repose in the courage and fidelity of these 
animals, and of the virtues by which they merit 
and reward it. Attended by three or more 
dogs, the shepherds will take their numerous 
flocks at early dawn to the part of the moun- 



320 APPENDIX. 

tain side which is destined for their pasture. 
Having counted them, they descend to follow 
other occupations, and commit the guardianship 
of the sheep to the sole watchfulness of the 
dogs. It has been frequently known, that when 
wolves have approached, the three sentinels 
would walk round and round the flock, gradu- 
ally compressing them into so small a circle that 
one dog might with ease overlook and protect 
them, and that this measure of caution being 
executed, the remaining two would set forth to 
engage the enemy, over whom, it is said, they 
invaiiably triumph. 

It is now settled, as a philosophical question, 
that the instruction communicated to dogs, as 
well as various other animals, has an hereditary 
effect on the progeny. If a dog be taught to 
perform certain feats, the young of that nog will 
bo much easier initiated in the same feats than 
other dogs. Thus, the existing races of Eng- 
lish pointers are greatly more accomplished in 
their required duties than the original race of 
Spanish pointers. Dogs of the St. Bernard va- 
riety inherit the facultv of tracking footsteps in 
the snow. A gentleman of our acquaintance, 
and of scientific acquirements, obtained some 
years ago a pup, which had been produced 



APPENDIX. 821 

in London by a female of the celebrated Si. 
Bernard breed. The young animal was brought 
to Scotland, where it was never observed to give 
any particular tokens of a power of tracking 
footsteps until winter, when the ground became 
covered with snow. It then showed the most 
active inclination to follow footsteps ; and so 
great was its power of doing so under these 
circmnstances, that, when its master had crossed 
a field in the most curvilinear way, and caused 
other persons to cross his path in all directions, 
it nevertheless followed his coui'se with the 
greatest precision. Here was a perfect revival 
of the habit of its Alpine fathers, with a degree 
of specialty as to external conditions at which 
it seems to us, we cannot sufficiently wonder. 

Such are some of the qurdities of dogs in a 
state of domestication, and let us hope that the 
anecdotes related of them will tend to insure 
for them that love and gratitude to which their 
own fine disposition and noble character give 
them a claim from us. 

It is pleasing to obsei-ve that men of the high- 
est acquirements and most elevated minds have 
bestowed their sincere attachment upon their 
favorite canine companions ; for kindness to an- 
imals is, perhaps, as strong an indication of the 



L 



322 APPENDIX. 

possession of generous sentiments as any that 
can be adduced. The late Lord Grenville, a 
distinguished statesman, an elegant scholar, and 
an amiable man, affords an illustration of the 
opinion: It is thus that he eloquently makes 
his favorite Zephyr speak : 

"Captum oculis, senioque liebetem, niorboque gravatum, 

Dulcis here, aiitiquo me quod aniore foves, 
Suave habet et caruni Zephj rus tuus, et leviore 

Se senlit mortis couditione premi. 
Iiiteriere quidem, tibi qua; placuisse solebant, 

Et formae dotes, et facile ingeiiiuiu: 
Deficiunt sensus, treinulaj scinlillula vitae 

Vix micat, in ciiierein mox abitura brevem. 
Sola mauet, vernli tibi nee despecta niiuistri. 

Mens grata, ipsuque in morte iiieinor dominL 
Hanc tu i^ilur. i)ro blanditiis molique lepore, 

Et pronita ad nutus sedulitale tuos. 
Pro saltu cursuque levi, lusuque prolervo, 

Ilanc nostri extreniuni pignus anions liabe. 
Jainque vale! Ehsii suboe loca Isetn, piorum 

Qu£e dat Persei)lione )nanibus esse canum." 

Pope says, that history is more full of exam- 
ples of fidelity in the dog than in friends : and 
Lord B^'ron characterises him as — 

'•in life tlie firmest friend, 

The first to welcome, foremost to defend: 

Whose honest heart is still his master's own; 

Whose labors, fights, lives, breathes for him alone; " 

and truly indeed may be called 

•' The rich man's guardian, and the poor man's friend." 



APPENDIX. 323 

CANINE SUICIDE. 

In Bethlehem, Pa., there lived, a few years 
ago. a man named P., who kept a saloon by the 
side of the railroad, and was the owner of a 
fine Newfoundland dog, of great sagacity. The 
saloon was often visited by boisterous and bel- 
ligerent customers, who were "spoiling for a 
figlit,'' and considered a bar-tender as present- 
ing the test subject for a pummeling. In all 
such cases Mr. P. only had to say "Major," and 
the big Newfoundland had his paws on the 
shoulders of the pugnacious customer, loolcing 
him in the face. Two or three admonishing 
words from his capacious mouth was always a 
sufficient warning to keep the peace. He often 
amused the barroom crowd by his various tricks, 
among them was that of taking ihe hat from the 
head of any one in the room. Once a stranger 
came into the saloon to get some refreshments 
while waiting for the train. P. wished to show 
some half-dozen loungers Major's tricks, and or- 
dered him to remove the stranger's hat. Major 
did as ordered, but the hair also came with the 
hat. The manceuver frightened the gentleman 
badly, and Mr. P., seeing the iiair pealed from 
the gentleman's head, was more frightened than 



324 APPENDIX. 

the stranger, and made liaste to make amends. 
Major had great friendship for a little dog, a 
cross between the Poodle and the Scotch terrier. 
The little " Prince " was often set upon bj his 
larger neighbors, and generally got the worst of 
it In such cases he would sally forth in quest 
of his fi-iend Major, when the light was renewed 
and his assailant punished for his temerity. 
The little fellow was oftei:", in summer time, 
partly sheared, which gave him, in the eyes of 
some, an ugly appearance. If any one made a 
derogatory remark about him, he noticed it, and 
showed his teeth in a very passionate manner. 
If Major was along, he also raised liis voice in 
protest of any disapproval of his friend's looks. 
Majors master occasionally took too much of 
what he dispensed to others, and one evening, 
after sending Major to the field for the horses, 
which he drove up in good style, as was his 
practice, he followed his master up stairs. P., 
not finding wife or child to maltreat, kicked 
poor Major down stairs, injuring his spine. He 
dragged out a miserable existence for a few 
months ; but becoming tired of life, he laid him- 
self across the railroad track that fronted the 
door. He saw the locomotive coming, and when 
it neared him, he turned his head away, and al- 



APPENDIX. 






lowed the train to crush him. This was wit- 
nessed by dozens of people, who knew it to be a 
deliberate cat,e of suicide. 

Another Newfoundland was installed in Ma- 
jor's place. The brutal master undertook to 
kick him around, but we are happy to say not 
without resentment, for he turned upon him, 
seized him by the throat, and would have 
choked him to death had not his cries brought 
the bar-keeper to his assistance. 

Tlie newspapers of the present week contain 
an account of a liighly prized Newfoundland 
dog in Wakefield, Mass., afer tugging at his 
muzzle, placed on him in accordance wdtb the 
law, became despondent, and soon afterward 
jumped into the pond and drowned himself 

Tlie owner of an old watch dog some where 
in tliC State of Wisconsin, seeing that the dog 
was useless, and rather troublesome in conse- 
quence of age, expressed his intention of shoot- 
ing the old fcllo\7. This ^Yas said in the hear- 
in<r of the dog, and within an hour he was 
missing, and was found a few days afterwards 
in a pond near the house, where it was supposed 
that he had committed "dog-icidc " by drowning 
himself. 

A Canine Doctor. — There is a dog en 



826 APPENDIX. 

Staten Island, that seems to bo a sort of physi- 
cian among the canines in his neighborhood. 
If what we hear of this dog is true, lie is a 
wonder indeed. It is said, that whenever he 
meets with any other dog that is sick, he will by 
some mysterious intelligence induce the canine 
invalid, to follow him to tlie fields, and there 
eat of some grasses or weed, that in a few days 
effect a cure of the sick one. Several persons 
owners of dogs in the neighborhood, say from 
what they have witnessed that they believe, 
what is above stated. 

Mr. H. McDonald, in his lecture on oddness 
gives the following anecdotes about dogs : — 

I once heard of a dog, from his earliest puppy* 
hood would walk twice around his food before 
touching it, and always to the left. If called 
away by his owner before he had gone fully 
around the second time, he would finish the 
circle from the point or place at which he had 
left off. Oq one occasion while his master kept 
him at a distance, his meat was taken up and 
laid on a bench. But on returning replaced it 
in nearly the exact spot it had been taken from, 
and then finished his ring movement. The 
diameter of the circles were as nearly uniform, 
as a man might have them without, measurment. 



APPENDIX. 327 

and were about four and a half feet. I will not 
attempt lo explain or say what was the cause 
of this oddity. But as the owner of the dog 
averred that he had not been taught,and instinct 
it could nardly be called, I set it down to a 
habit acquired by circumstances. 

A most curious trick of a couple of dogs I 
remember to have heard often in my boyhood, 
and as the family in which the dogs were owned, 
were neighbors and friends of my Father's 
family. My memory was thoroughly impressed 
with the story, which is a true one. The two 
dogs named respectively Carlo and Ponto, were 
of the large mastiff breed, and besides being 
excellent watch dogs, were also safe companions 
or escorts to take along for protection against 
insult or attack of any kind. Now it so 
happened that one of the daughters of the family 
alluded too, who I shall call Miss Lena, was in- 
vited out to an afternoon quilting party, that in 
the evening was to be turned into a party f.)r 
singing, and engaging in some of the old 
fashioned party plays, and of course the young 
men of their acquaintance were to be present 
after tea time. It further happened that among 
these young men there was one who was intro- 
duced to Miss Lena, and who during the evening 



328 APPENDIX. 

solicited the honor of seeing her home, a request 
that was readily granted. At the proper hour 
perhaps 12 P. M. they started homeward a dis- 
tance of over two miles, Lena's two four footed 
guardians, who had waited for her from the 
middle of the afternoon, joining in the escort. 
They did not however wag their tails, nor go 
bounding ahead nor stop to lick their Mistress' 
hand, as was their wont on other occasions, but 
simply trotted along behind the young couple 
in a sullen sort of a way with heads downward, 
and noses near together, as if in an undertone 
conversation. But when about a quarter of a 
mile on the way, Carh) without even a warning, 
gravely laid hold of Miss Lena's young man 
escort by the leg of his trousers, and would not 
permit him to move on any further, and neither 
the threats, blows, nor coaxings, of Miss licna, 
could induce him to let go his hold. .The other 
dog took no part in the arrest, but trotted brisk- 
ly a few yards ahead, indicating that he was 
ready for escort duty. The gentleman suggest- 
ed to the young lady to accept the offer apparent- 
ly made by Ponto, and that after she had started 
he would be set free, she did so reluctantly of 
course^ and was soon joined by Carlo. The 
escort did not deem it healthy to make an effort 



APPENDIX. 329 

to regain bis position. Nov.'- the question that 
naturally presents itself is, were the dogs jealous 
of the attentions of the rival escort, and I think 
all will admit that such was the fact. If so how 
did they arrange their plan of revenge, on their 
rival? Is there a language bj which animals 
can make known their thoughts to each othei-. 
It almost seems as if it was so. The storv may 
seem like a very strange one, and though I am 
certain of its truth, it does nevertheless seem odd 
even to me. 

Some years ago a large Newfoundland dog 
was honored with a medal, upon which w^as in- 
scribed " A distinguished member of the Hu- 
mane Society. " Among the well-authenticated 
accounts of his usefulness is that of rescuing 
the crew of a vessel driven on the beach of 
L\ dd, in Kent. Eight poor fellows were cry- 
ing for help, but no boat could live in endeav- 
oring to go to their assistance. At length a 
gentleman came on the bea«h accompanied by 
a Newfoundland dog. He directed the attention 
of the animal to the vessel, and put a short stick 
in his mouth. The intelligent and courageous 
fellow at once understood his meaning, S2:)ring- 
ing into the sea, he fought his way through the 
waves. He could not, however, got close enough 



380 APPENDIX. 

to the vessel to deliver tliat with which he was 
charged ; but the crew understood what was 
meant, and they made fast a rope to another 
piece of wood, and threw it toward him. The 
noble creature dropped the one in his mouth, 
and seized that which had been cast to him, and 
then, with a degree of streno-th and determina- 
tion scarcely credible — for he was again and 
again lost under the waves — he dragged it 
through the surge, and delivered it to his mas- 
ter ; a line of communication was thus formed 
with tlie boat, and all on board were saved. 

"Juno" was a dog in which were mingled 
the blood of the spaniel and Newfoundland, 
and descended from a family remarkable for in- 
telligence ; for with dogs, even more than with 
men, talents are hereditary. This playful, in- 
telligent creature, wnthout any instruction, per- 
formed so many feats that she won a wide cele- 
brity. So fond was she of her reasoning play- 
mates, that she would at any time abandon her 
puppies to have a romp with the children. As 
a nurse, she took care of " the baby," and would 
follow it about, pick up its playthings, rock its 
cradle, and carefully restore to its hands the 
" chicken bone," for the moment dropped on the 
floor. Having once accompanied her master on 



APPENDIX 331 

a fishing excursion, sbe afterward would dig 
angleworms, draw the fishi)ig-rod from its hooks, 
and insist in the stable that the horse should be 
saddled, and then lead the animal bj the bridle 
up to the door. Her kind care extended to the 
chickens and ducks, and if any of the little 
ones were lamed or died, she at nightfall took 
them to their respective owners, and thrust them 
under the maternal wing. When the garden 
was made Juno seemed to admire the nicelj-ar- 
ranged beds, and throughout the whole sum- 
mer, looked through the palings with indigna- 
tion at what she suj^posed to be the intruding 
plants in the nicelj-prepared ground. 

Juno never would allow the servants to pos- 
sess in peace any property once belonging to 
her master, mistress, or their children, which 
was not formally given away in her presence ; 
in thatcas3, she never noticed the articles at all. 
In New Orleans this dog attracted a great deal 
of attention, because she would not touch the 
poisoned sausages thrown into the street. She 
did not confine her useful labors exclusively to 
those who owned her, but would i-estoi'e lost 
property, when she met with it, that belonged 
to any of the neighbors. She appeared to un- 
derstand the meaning of words, and would in- 



332 APPENDIX. 

stantly show bv her manner how perfectly she 
comprehended the passing conversation. If any 
subject was alluded to in which slie took an in- 
terest, she would bark and caper about, and 
designate as far as ])0ssibie the different things 
alluded to. She would remain pei-fectly quiet, 
with an affectionate eye alone upon her master, 
through long discussions on politics or philoso- 
phy ; but let anything be said about angling or 
hunting, about the poultry in the yard, or kin- 
dred subjects, and she would go almost crazy 
with delight. This dog, combining within her- 
self the qualities of the two most intelligent 
breeds of her kind, seemed but little removed 
from a reasoning, intelligent being; there were, 
at times, expressions in her eye, of affection, of 
thought, of sorrow, of joy, so very human that 
it was painful, and startled the imagination for 
the moment with the idea that Pythagoras was 
indeed correct, and that the souls of former men 
were imprisoned in the bodies of animals ; for 
it was easy, in contemplating this remarkable 
dog. to suppose that she was possessed of a 
hidden intelligence not properly belonging to 
brute life. And yet Juno was only one of the 
many intelligent beings so frequently to be met 
with among the dogs, who. in their humble 



APPENDIX. 333 

sphere, teach ns lessons of devotion, disinter- 
estedness, and friendship, 

India is remarkable for wild dogs, among 
which is the poor Pariah, an inhabitant of the 
confines of civilization, and yet is never fairly 
adopted into human society. This dog, natu- 
rally gentle, a Britisli officer relates, was caught 
by the natives in great numbers, and used to 
feed a tiger, kept in the garrison for the amuse- 
ment of visitors. On one occasion, a pariah; 
instead of yielding to fear, stood on the defen- 
sive, and as the tiger approached he siezed him 
by the upper lip. This continued to be done 
several days, when the tiger not only ceased his 
attacks but divided his food with the poor dog, 
and became his friend, and the two animals 
occupied the same cage for man}^ 3-ears. An 
old lion, in the Tower of London, conceived a 
liking for a little dog that accidentally got into 
his cage, and the two animals became insepara- 
ble. It was a source of great amusement to 
observe the impudence of the little puppy, who 
would bark at visitors while the old lion would 
look dignifiedly on, seemingly determined to 
assist his little friend out of any difficulties his 
presumption might lead to. 

Some years ago, it was not uncommon in 



3 34 APPENDIX. 

Connecticut to employ dogs as motive-power to 
light machinery. A Mr. Brill had a pair of 
dogs which he employed together on a sort of 
tread-mill. After a while the motion of the 
machinery was noticed from time to time to he 
considerably retarded, when the tender would 
go to the mill to see if the dogs were doing their 
duty, and every thing appeared to be right. 
Another and another interruption would occur, 
and so continued, until the owner began to sus- 
pect that his dogs were playing some trick upon 
him. Accordingly he placed an observer where 
all tlie movements of the animals could be seen, 
and the mystery was thus explained. After 
the two dogs had wrought together for some 
time, one of them was seen to step off the tread- 
mill and seat himself where he could catch the 
first warning of any approaching foot-step. 
After he had rested awhile he took his place at 
the wheel again, and allowed his associate to 
rest : thus tliese sagacious creatures continued 
to bear each otlier's burdens. 

An unfortunate dog, in order to make spoit 
for some fools, had a pan tied to his tail, and 
was sent off on his travels to a neighboring 
town. He reached his place of destination per- 
fectly exhauste.l, and lay down before the steps 



APPENDIX. 835 

of a tavern, eyeing most anxiously tlic liorrid 
annoyance fastened behind liiin, but unable to 
move a step fartlier to rid himself of the tor- 
ment. Another dog, a Scotch shepherd, 1 lid 
himself down beside him, and, by a few caresses, 
gaining the confidence of the afflicted cur, pro- 
ceeded to gnaw the string by which the noisy 
appendage was attached to his friend's tail, and 
with about a quarter of an hour's excr;:ion, 
severed the cord, and started to his legs, with 
the pan hanging from the string in his mouth, 
and after a few joyful capers, departed on his 
travels in the highest glee at his success. 

Some years ago, while traveling up the Mis- 
sissippi river, in common with other passengers 
on the steara?r we were attracted by the docility 
and intelligence of a pointer dog. Tiiis excel- 
lent animal would voluntarily return mislaid 
books, hats, or other trifles to their owners, and 
seemed to desire to render himself popular by 
doing such kindly offices. The trick he per- 
formed, however, which created most surprise, 
was taking notes from gentlemen to their wives 
in the ladies' cabin. This be would do when- 
ever called upon. The person sending the note, 
would simply call the dog, and his master would 
o-ive him the directions what to do, and we be- 



836 APPENDIX. 

lieve he never made a mistake. The dog would 
take the paper in his mouth, go among the ladj 
passengers and hunt around, and linallj put 
the note in the lap of the person for whom it 
was intended. 

The son of Dr. Dwight relates, that his father, 
the greatest theological writer our country has 
ever produced, was indebted to a dog for his 
life, the faithful animal obtruding in his path- 
way, and compelling his horse to turn out of 
the road he was traveling. In the morning the 
Doctor discovered that if he had pursued his 
journey according to his intent, he would have 
been dashed down a precipice, where to escape 
with his life would have been an impossibility. 

An English gentleman discovered, one morn- 
ing, that some miscreant had cut off the ears 
and tail of a favorite horse. A blood-hound 
was brought to the stable, which at once detected 
the scent of the villain, and traced it more than 
twenty miles. The hound then stopped at a 
door, whence no power could move him. Be- 
ing at length admitted, he ran to the top of the 
house, and, bursting open the door of a garret 
room, found the object he sought in bed, and 
would have torn him to pieces, had not the 



APPENDIX, 837 

huntsman, who had followed lie dog on a fleet 
horse, rushed to the I'escue. 

A Miss Childs, a keeper of a tavern in Lon- 
don, quite recently possessed a black and white 
spaniel which performed tricks almost suipass- 
ing belief. This dog could ])lay at games of 
whist, cribbage, and dominoes. In playing 
these games the dog was placed behind a screen, 
and had the cards all ari-anged before him ; over 
this screen he wat<3hed his antagonist, and 
reached with his mouth the suite required. Out 
of a pack of cards ho would instantly select 
the best cribbage and wliist. On the names of 
any city, county, or town being placed by 
jDriiited cards before him, the dog would, with- 
out hesitation, fetch the one requested, and at 
the bidding of any oug present, and in the ab- 
sentee of his mistress. He could, by the aid of 
})rinted cards, tell how many persons might bo 
in the room, how many hats, or the number of 
coins any one might throw on the floor. After 
being taken out of the room, if any one present 
touched a card, the dog on his retuni would 
designate it. So numerous, indeed, were the 
evidences of intelligence exhibited by this dog, 
that it was impossible to resist the impression 
that he was possessed of reason. 



838 APPENDIX. 

The following anecdotes of nn nstonisliing 
dog called '*Dandie," are related by Captain 
Brown : — 

"Mr. MTntyre, patent-mangle manufacturer 
Eegent Bridge, Edinburgh, has a dog of the 
Newfoundland breed, crossed with some other, 
named Dandle, whose sagacious qualifications 
are truly astonishing, and almost incredible. 
"When Mr. M'lntyre is in company, how nu- 
merous soever it may be, if he but say to the 
dog, "Dandie, bring me my hat," he immedi- 
ately picks out the hat from all the others, and 
puts it in his master's hand. " Should every ■ 
gentleman in company throw a penknife on the 
floor, the dog, when commanded, will select his 
master's knife from the heap, and bring it to him. 
A pack of cards being scattered in the room, if 
his master has previously selected one of them, 
the dog will find it out and bring it to him. A 
comb was hid on the top of a mantle- piece in 
the room, and the dog required to bring it, which 
he almost immediately did, although in the 
search he found a number of articles, also be- 
longing to his master, purposely strewed around, 
all which he passed over, and brought the iden- 
tical comb which he was required to find, fully 
proving that he is not guided by the sense of 



APPENDIX. 339 

smell, hilt that he perfectly understands what- 
ever is spoken to him. One evening, some gen- 
tlemen being in company, one of them acci- 
dentally dropped a shilling on the floor, which, 
after the most careful search, could not be found. 
Mr. M'Intyre seeing his dog sitting in a corner, 
and looking as if unconscious of what was pass- 
ing, said to him, " Dandie, find us the shilling, 
and you shall liave a biscuit" The dog imme- 
diately jumped upon the table and laid down 
the shilling, which he had previously picked up 
without having been perceived. One time hav- 
ing been left in a room in the house of a lady, 
he remained quiet for a considerable time ; but 
as no one opened the door, he became impatient, 
and rang the bell ; and when the servant opened 
the door, she was surprised to find the dog pull- 
ing the bell-rope. Since that jDeriod, which was 
the first time he was observed to do it, he pulls 
the bell whenever he desires ; and what appears 
still more remai'kable, if there is no hell-rope 
in the room, he will examine the table, and if 
he finds a hand-bell, he takes it in his mouth 
and rings it. His master, one evening having 
supped with a friend, on his return home, as it 
was rather Lite, he found all the family in bed. 
He could nOw find his boot-jack in the place 



840 ' APPENDIX. 

where it usually lay, nor could he find it any- 
where in the room aftei* the strictest search. 
He then said to his dog, "Dandie, I cannot find 
my bootjack; search for it." The fnithful ani- 
mal, quite sensible of wliat had been said to him, 
scratcliing at the room-door, which his master 
opened. Dandie proceeded to a very distant 
part of the house, and soon returned, carrying 
in his mouth the bootjack, which Mr. M. now 
recollected to have left that morning under a 
sofa. 

A number of gentlemen, well acquainted 
with Dandie, are daily in the habit of giving 
him a pennj', which he takes to the baker's shop 
and purchases bread for himself. One of these 
gentlemen, who lives m James's Square, when 
passing some time ago, was accosted by Dandie, 

in expectation of his usual present. Mr. T 

then said to him, "I have not a penny with me 
to-day, but I have one at home." Having re- 
turned to his house some time after, he heard a 
noise at the door, which was opened by the ser- 
vant, when in sprang Dandie to receive his pen- 
ny. In a frolic Mr. T gave him a bad one, 

which he, as nsual, carried to the baker, but was 
refused his bread, as the money was bad. He 
immediately returned to Mr. T 's, knocked 



APPENDIX. 841 

at the door, and when the servant opened it, laid 
the penny down at her feet, and wallved oltj 
seemingly with the greatest contempt Al- 
thougii Dandie, in general, makes an immediate 
purchase of bi'ead with the money he receives, 
yet the following circumstance clearly demon- 
strates that he possesses more prudent foresight 
tlian many who are reckoned rational beings. 
One Sunday, when it was very unlikely that he 
could have received a present of money, Dan- 
die was observed to bring home a loaf. Mr. 
MTntyre being somewhat surprised at this, de- 
sired the servant to search the room to see 
If any money could be found. While she 
was engaged in this task, the dog seemed 
quite unconcerned till she approached the bed, 
wlien he ran to her, and gently drew her back 
from it Mr. M. then secured the dog, which 
kept struggling and growling while the servant 
went under the bed, where she found 7ld. under 
a bit of cloth ; but from that time he never 
could endure the girl, and was frequently ob- 
served to hide his money in a corner of a saw 
pit, under the dust 

When Mr. M. has company, if he desires the 
dog to see anj one of the gentlemen home, it 
will walk with him till he reach his home, and 



342 APPENDIX. 

then return to his master, how gi'eat soever the 
distance may be. A brother of Mr. M.'s and 
another gentleman went one day to Newhaven, 
and took Dandie along with them. After hav- 
ing bathed, they entered a garden in the town ; 
and having taken some refreshment in one of 
the arbors, they took a walk around the garden, 
the gentleman leaving his hat and gloves in the 
place. In the meantime some strangers came 
into the garden, and went into the arbor which 
the others had left. Dandie immediately, with- 
out being ordered, ran to the place and brought 
off the hat and gloves, wliich he presented to 
the owner. One of the gloves, however, had 
been left ; but it was no sooner mentioned to 
the dog than he rushed to, the place, jumped a- 
gain into the midst of the company, and brought 
off the glove in triumph. 

A gentleman living with Mr. M'Intvre, going 
out to supper one evening, locked the garden- 
gate behind him, and laid the key on the top 
of the wall, which is abi)ut seven feet high. 
When he returned, exjieeting to let himself in 
the same way, to his gr.nit surprise the key 
could not be found, and he was obliged to go 
round to the front door, which was a considera- 
ble distance about. The next momino: strict 



APPENDIX. 343 

search was made for the key, but still no trace 
of it could be discovered. At last, perceiving 
that the dog followed iiim wherever he went, he 
said to him, " Dandie, you have tiie key — go, 
fetch it" Dandie immediately went into tlie 
garden and scratched away the earth from the 
root of a cabbage, and produced the key, which 
he himself had undoubtedly hid in that place. 
If his master places him on a chair, and requests 
him to sing, he will instantly commence howling, 
high, or low, as signs are made to him with tlie 
finger. 

About three years ago a mangle was sent by 
a cart from the warehouse, Regent Bridge, to 
Portobello, at which time the dog was not pres- 
ent. Afterwards, Mi". M. went to his own 
house. North Back of the Canongate, and took 
Dandie with him, to have the mangle delivered. 
When he had proceeded a little way the dog ran 
off, and he lost sight of him. He still walked 
forward ; and in a little time he found the cart 
in which the mangle was, turned towards Edin- 
burgh, with Dandie holding fast by the reins? 
and the carter in the greatest perplexity ; the 
man stated that the dog had overtaken him, 
jumped on his cart, and examined the mangle, 
and then had seized the reins of the horse and 



344 APPENDIX. 

turned him fairly round, and that lie would not 
let go his hold, although he had beaten him 
with a stick. On Mr. M.'s urrival however, the 
dog quietly allowed the carter to proceed to his 
place of destination. 

" Tag," a large Newfoundland dog was put 
to work in a dog power wheel used for churn- 
ing purposes, but from the first showed a de- 
cided dislike for labor. Having been hurt in a 
fore foot a few months afterwards, he had a rest 
for a couple of weeks to permit of his foot get- 
ting well. When put in the power again he 
refused to turn it, but held up the foot that had 
been lame, and howled as if in great pain. His 
owner supposing that he had perhaps strained 
the lame foot, let liim out, and Tag limped off 
on three legs, but was soon discovered dashing 
across a meadow in company with a neighbor's 
dog, as though he had never been lame. He 
was called in and again put in the power, and 
again held up his foot and howled, but a cut or 
two of the whip convinced him that his trick 
was seen through, so he went dogfully to work, 
and nothing of Tag's lameness was afterward 
seen. 



MINOS, THE LEARNED DOG. 

A very learned man has just written a long 
article for one of the magazines to prove that 
dogs, horses and birds have souls. Of course 
we cannot all agree with him ; but we are ready 
enough to admit that these creatures have minds, 
— pretty active ones too — whether they have 
souls or not. Minos, the dog, on page 18-i, is a 
wonderful little fellow. He came from Havana, 
and is now being exhibited in France. His 
mistress, Madame Ilager, has taught him to an- 
swer questions which would puzzle some chil- 
dren seven years old. He finds a given number 
correctly ; works out examples in addition, sub- 
traction and division; he can read words that 
are written and placed before him, and indeed 
does so many remarkable things that fashionable 
people in Paris are glad to have him and his 
mistress visit them at their elegant houses. 

Now if a poor dumb dog can learn so much 
by being simply attentive and obedient, what 
ought we not to expect of wide-awake boys and 
girls who can talk, and have not only active 
minds, but souls as well ? 



APPENDIX. 347 

Air. Youatt gives the following anecdote as a 
proof of the reasoning power of a Newfound- 
land dog. 

Waiting one day to go through a tall iron 
gate, from one part of his premises to another, 
he found a lame puppy lying just within it, so 
that he could not get in without rolling the poor 
animal over, and perhaps injuring it. Mr. 
Youatt stood for awhile hesitating what to do, 
and at length determined to go round through 
another gate. A fine Newfoundland dog, how^- 
ever, who had been waiting patiently for his 
wonted caresses, and perhaps wondering why 
his master did not get in as usual, looked acci- 
dentally down at his lame companion. He com- 
prehended the whole business in a moment — 
put down his great paw, and as gently and 
quickly as possible rolled the invalid out of the 
way, and then drew himself back in order to 
leave room for the opening of the gate. 

We may be inclined to deny reasoning facul- 
ties to dogs : but if this was not reason, it may 
be difficult to define what else it could be. 

Mr. Youatt also says, that his own experience 
furnishes him with an instance of the memory 
and gratitude of a Newfoundland dog, who was 
greatly attached to him. He says, as it became 



3-iS APPENDIX 

inconvenient to liim to keep tlie dog, he gave 
him to one who he knew would treat him kindly. 
Four years passed, and he had not seen hira ; 
when one day as he was walking towards 
Kingston, he met Carlo and his master. The 
dog recollected Mr. Youatt in a moment, and 
they made much of each other. His master, 
after a little chat, proceeded towards Wands- 
worth, and Carlo, as in duty bound, followed 
him. Mr. Youatt had not, however, got half- 
way down the hill when the dog was again at 
his side, lowly but deeply growling, and every 
hair bristling. On looking about, he saw two 
ill-looking fellows making their way through 
the bushes, which occupied the angular space 
between Rockhampton and Wandsworth roads. 
Their intention was scarcely questionable, and, 
indeed, a week or two before, he had narrowly 
escaped from two miscreants like them. " I can 
scarcely say," proceeds Mr. Youatt, " what I felt; 
for presently one of the scoundrels emerged 
from the bushes, not twenty yards from me; 
but he no sooner saw my companion, and heard 
his growling, the loudness and depth of whicli 
were fearfully increasing, than he retreated, and 
I saw no more of him or his associate. My 
gallant del'ender accompanied me to the direc- 



APPENDIX. 849 

tion-post at tlie bottom of the Lill, uiid there, 
with many a mutual and honest greeting, we 
parted, and he bounded away to overtake his 
rightful owner. We never met again ; but I 
need not say that I often thought of him with, 
admiration and gratitude." 

Newfoundland dogs may readily be taught to 
rescue drowning persons In France, this forms 
a part of their education, and they are now kept 
in readiness on the banks of the Seine, where 
they form a sort of Humane Society Corps. 
By throwing the stuffed figure of a man into 
a river, and requiring the dog to fetch it out, he 
is soon taught to do so when necessary, and thus 
he is able to rescue drowning persons. This 
hint might not be thrown away on our own ex- 
cellent Humane Society. 

The Newfoundland dog may be broken into 
any kind of shooting, and, without additional 
instruction, is generally under such command, 
that he may be safely kept in, if required to 
be taken out with pointers. For finding 
wounded game of every description there is not 
his equal in the canine race, and he is a dne qua 
non in the general pursuit of wild-fowl. These 
dogs should be treated gently, and much en- 
couraged when required to do anything, as their 



350 APPENDIX. 

faults are easily checked. If used roughly, they 
are apt to turn sulky. They will also recollect 
and avenge an i nj uiy. A traveller on horseback, 
in passing through a small village in Cumber- 
land, observed a Newfoundland dog reposing 
by the side of the road, and from mere wanton- 
ness, gave him a blow witli his whip. The an- 
imal made a violent rush at and pursued him a 
considerable distance. Having to proceed 
through the same phice the next journey, which 
was about twelve months afterwards, and while 
in the act of leading his horse, the dog no doubt 
recollecting his former assailant, instantly seized 
him by the boot, and bit his leg. Some persons, 
however, coming up, rescued him from further 
injury. 

A gentleman who had a country house near 
London, discovered on arriving at it one day 
that he had brought away a key, which would 
be wanted by his family in town. Having an 
intelligent Newfoundland dog, which had been 
accustomed to carry things, he sent him back 
with it. While passing with the key, the an- 
imal was attacked by a butcher's dog, against 
which he made no resistance, but got away from 
him. After safely delivering the key, he re. 
turned to rejoin his master, but stopped in the 



APPENDIX. 351 

way at the butcher's shop, whose dog again 
Killicd forth. The Newroundhmd this time at- 
tacked him with fury, which nothing but revenge 
could have inspired, nor did he quit the aggressor 
till he had killed him. 

A gentleman in Ireland had a remarkable fine 
and intelligent Newfoundland dog, named 
Boatswain, whose acts were the constant theme 
of admiration. On one occasion, an aged lady 
who resided in the house, and the mother-in-law 
of the owner of the dog, was indisposed and 
confined to her bed. The old lady was tired of 
cliickens and other productions of the farmyard, 
and a consultation was held in her room as to 
what could be procured to please jjer fancy for 
dinner. Yarious things were mentioned and 
declined, in the midst of which Boatswain, who 
was greatly attached to the old lad}-, entered the 
room with a young rabbit in his mouth, which 
he laid at the foot of the bed, wagging his tail 
with great exultation. It is not meant to infer 
that the dog knew anything of the difficulty 
of finding a dinner to the lady's taste, hut seeing 
her distressed in mind and body, it is not im- 
probable that he had brought his offering in the 
hopes of pleasing her. 

On another occasioH, his master found this 



352 APPENDIX. 

(log early one summer's morning keeping watch 
over an unfortunate countryman, who was stand- 
ing with his back to a wall in the rear of the 
premises, pale with terror. lie was a simple, 
honest creature, living in the neighborhood. 
Having to attend some fiir or market, about 
four o'clock in the morning, he made a short 
cut through the grounds, which were under the 
protection of Boatswain, who drove the intruder 
to the wall, and kept Inm there, showing his 
teeth, and giving a growl whenever he ofiered 
to stir from the spot. In this way he was kept 
a prisoner till the owner of the faithful animal 
released him. 

A gentleman had a shepherd dog, which was 
generally kept in a yard by the side of his house 
in the country. One day a beggar made his 
way into the yard, armed with a stout stick, with 
which he defended himself from the attacks of 
the dog. who barked at and attempted to bite 
him. On the appearance of a servant the dog 
ceased barking, and watching his opportunity, 
he got behind the beggar, snatched the stick 
from his hand, and carried it into the^road, where 
he left it. 



354 APPENDIX. 



BRAVE DUKE, THE MASTIFF. 

The picture on the opposite page portrays the 
scene of an attempted murder in the Pyrenees, 
of a young Englishman, by a relative, who was 
next of kin, and would, by the young man's 
death, become heir to a vast estate. While 
making a tour of the continent, the young man 
was joined by this treacherous relative, who 
murderously knocked him from a cliff, into a 
snow-choked chasm, many feet beneath. The 
snow that was expected to form his winding 
sheet, and forever conceal his corpse, and the 
heinous crime committed upon him, from mor- 
tal eye, was a cushion to shield him from being 
dashed to atoms, and his faithful dog "Duke," 
penetrated the snow till he found him, and then 
went for assistance, which he conducted to the 
spot by his signs of distress. The mercenary 
relative, to save himself from his dastardly 
deed ended his life by his own hand. 



APPEISTDIX. 855 

Mr. Millar, a Scotch gentleman, a resident of 
Melbourne, Australia, entertained the opinion 
that dogs of ordinary sagacity were capable of 
recognizing the members of a family which they 
had not previously seen. He claimed they 
could do it from resemblancs, and also by the 
scent, which must be similar in families. He 
had an opportunity of proving very conclusive- 
ly, both of these theories. The incident was 
related to us by one of the participants, a lady, 
now residing in Brooklyn : 

While traveling near Melbourne, Mr. Millar 
was followed home by a young E-etriever. 
Finding him to be a valuable dog, he advertised 
for the owner, but failing to find one, "Jennie" 
was installed as the household pet and guardian. 
Two small children were always accompanied 
in their walks by her, and no stranger could as 
much as lay a hand on them. A side gate, 
near which was her kennel, was guarded against 
strangers, with the greatest fierceness. At the 
time of Jennie's installation Miss Lucy, a daugh- 
ter of fifteen, was away at school, Millar consid- 
ered her return home would afford a good op- 
portunity to test his theory. " Jennie'" had in 
her kennel, near the guarded gate, a litter of 
young pups, and was uncommonly savage, but 



356 



APPENDIX. 



Mr. Millar did not hesitate to send bis daughter 
alone to the lane and through the gate, which 
she had bareh' passed, before the dog came at 
her in full speed, and with such savageness that 
her stout heart quailed. When within a few 
paces from her, the dog stopped, looked in Miss 
Lucy's face, then approached her and smelt of 
her dress, making a circuit around her, after 
which she placed her nose into the young lidie's 
hand, exhibiting great satisfaction at making 
her acquaintance. 




BEGORRAH. 

We give the engraving of the setter "Begor- 
rah," as one of our specimens of the Irish- Amer- 
ican Setter. He is a strong, well built setter, 
with an intelligent head, possessing remarkable 
strong loins, and is rather more deeply feathered 
than is represented in the engraving. His color 
is of a deep red, with white on his breast and 
toes. He was bred by Mr. Nicholas Saltus of 
Bi'ooklyn, and is the property of Mr. P. Noel of 
New York. Begorrah was very highly com- 
mended at the New York bench show, this being 
the first show at which he was exhibited. He 
was born in 1876; he is a young dog, but 
promises much. His sire, the celebrated dog 
"Plunket," is the winner ot 11 prizes won at 
bench shows and field trials. His grand sires, 
Macdonas' Grouse and Saltus' Dash, are both 
prize winners ; his great grand sires, on his sire 
side, Hutchingson Bob and Birtwhistle Tim, are 
celebrated English prize winners. And no 
doubt Begorrah, if his owner will give him a 
chance, will not disgrace his ancestors. We 
wish him the greatest success. 



APPENDIX. 859 

DISEASES OF DOGS. 

Eeet, — Sore. — "When dogs get tlieir feet sore 
from travelling, it is common to wash them with 
brine ; but which is an erroneous practice. It 
is better to bathe them with greasy pot-liquor, 
milk, or buttermilk, and afterwards to defend 
them from stones and dirt, by wrapping them 
up. When the feet become sore from any dis- 
eased affection of the claws^ the proper treat- 
ment may be seen under that head. 

Fever. — Simple fever seldom, if ever, exists 
in dogs. Inflammations of the principal organs 
of the body, as of the lungs, intestines, kidnies, 
bladder, &c., are very common : but pure fever 
does not occur, except of the specific kind, as 
the fever of distemper, and the fever of rabies, 
&c. &c. 



Piles. -Dogs are subject to piles, but the symp. 
toms, by which the complaint shows itself, are 
by no means known as such, although they are 
not very dissimilar to the human haemorrhoids. 
Piles are brought on by confinement, heat, and 
heating food ; and show themselves by a sore 
red protruded anus, which tiic dog aggravates 
by dragging it on the floor. 



860' APPENDIX. 

Piles are frequently the effect of costiveness. 
Diarrhoea will also often occasion tenesmus, 
which may readily be mistaken for piles, the 
anus appearing- red and sore. In such a case, 
to effect a cure the looseness must be restrained, i 
and the sore anus may be anointed with the 
ointment directed below, omitting the tar. 

The habitual piles will be greatly relieved by 
the use of the followino" ointment : — - 

o 

Take sugar of lead 6 grains. 

Tar half a dram. 

Eider ointment, or tine lard 3 drams. 

Mix, and anoint the fundament with it two or 
three times a-day. To keep down the habit to- 
wards the disease, feed moderately on cooling 
food, exercise sufficiently, and, as long as the 
disposition to it is considerable, give daily one 
of the following powders : — 

Nitre, powdered half a dram. 

Milk of sulphur 3 drams. 

Divide into nine, twelve, or fifteen doses. 

FLEAS IN DOGS. 

Among the numerous inconveniences to 

which these valuable animals are liable, I hardly 

know one more troublesome to themselves, or 

vexatious to their owners, than this common 



APPENDIX. 861 

one of fleas. It is, tlierefore, a very frequent 
inquiry made, bow they can be destroyed, or 
how tbey can be prevented from accumulating? 
Washing the body well witli soap-suds, and di- 
rectly afterwards carefully combing with a 
small-toothed comb, are the most ready means 
of dislodging these nimble gentry. But it 
must be remembered, that the previous wash- 
ing is only to enable the comb more readily to 
overtake them : the water does not destroy 
them; for dogs, who swim every day, still have 
fleas. These animals are hardy, and soon re- 
cover this temporary drowning ; the comb, there- 
fore, is principally to be depended on for their 
caption before they recover. But as washing 
is not, in many instances, a salutary practice, 
and in many others is a very inconvenient one, 
so it becomes a matter of considerable moment 
to prevent their accumulation without these 
means. 

Innumerable other means I have tried to drive 
away fleas, but the only tolerably certain one I 
have discovered, is to make dogs sleep on fresh 
deal shavings. These snavings may be made 
so fine as to be as soft as a down bed ; and, if 
changed every week or fortnight, ai"e the most 
cleanly and wholesome one that a dog can sleep 



862 APPENDIX. 

on. But, where this is absolutely impracticable, 
then rub or dredge the dog's hide, once or twice 
a week, with very finely powdered rosin ; if 
simply rubbed, add some bran. Fleas are not 
only troublesome, but, by the irritation they 
occasion, tliey produce a tendency to mange. 

The reader is referred to the advenisenient 
on page 408, for remedies for various ills with 
which dogs are afflicted. 

CASTRATIOK 

It now and then becomes prudent to perform 
this operation, from disease of the spermatic 
chord, or from swellings in the testicles them- 
selves. Whenever such a necessity occurs, al- 
though it is not a dangerous operation, it re- 
quires the assistance of a veterinary, or a hu- 
man surgeon. Each testicle should be taken 
out of the scrotum separately, and a ligature 
applied, moderately tight only, around the sper- 
matic chord, jirevious to the separation by means 
of a scalpel or knife. 

In performing this operation on cats, nothing 
more is requisite, than to make a slight opening 
on each side the scrotum, to slip out the two 
testicles, and draw them with the fingers. The 
rupture of the spoi'matic chord prevents haem 



APPENDIX. 363 

orrhage, and no future inconvenience is felt 
It is often found difficult to secure a cat for this 
operation ; but it may be ensily managed in 
two ways. One is, by putting the head and 
forequarters of the animal into a boot; the 
other is managed by rolling her whole body 
lengthways in several yards of towelling. 



FITS. 

The fits that usually appear in dogs, though 
not very different in appearance from each 
other, arise from very different causes, and, 
therefore, require very difl'erent treatment. The 
epileptic fits that attack dogs of all ages, and 
and otherwise apparently healthy, may be idio- 
pathic, or tliey may probably arise from costive- 
ness or worms, &c. In countries wiiere there are 
lead mines, dogs have often violent fits from the 
effects of the lead on the water. The oxen, 
sheep, goats and horses, of such situations, also 
participate. Mercury ap])ears to form the best 
antidote for these contractions, either rubbed 
externally or given internally. 

In the treatment of fits, it is evident that the 
cause producing them must be attended to, to 
effect a cur?. The immediate fit itself may be 



364 APPENDIX. 

removed at once usually, by plunging the dog 
into cold water; or sprinkling it in his face 
even, is suiFicient in many cases. Whenever a 
lit has happened to a healthy dog, he should im- 
mediately have a brisk purge given him, for lits 
are very frequently brought on by simple cos- 
tiveness : and even if such was not the case previ- 
ous to the fit, tins treatment would be the most 
proper. Should it be at all suspected that the 
{.flection arose from womis, treat as directed 
under that bead. Some dogs are so irritable, 
that whatever raises any strong passion in their 
minds produces an epileptic attack : hence dogs 
much confined, on being suffered to run out, 
frequently bave a fit. It is this irritability in 
the mind, likewise, that produces fits in pointers 
and setters when hunting; for they are more 
frequent in the highbred and eager, than in the 
cool coarse dog. As a genei*al rule, more fre- 
quent exercise should be allowed ; and, in this 
latter instance of sporting dogs, the general 
constitution should as much as possible be 
strengthened ; for fits are here tiie effect of too 
much energy of the mind, beyond the powers 
of the body : and in all cases they are, probably, 
the effect of a peculiar debility. The irritability 
of the mind itself shouJd also be attempted to 



APPENDIX. 365 

be lessened: in sporting dogs, it is best done 
by habituating them to the sight of much game, 
which greatly lessens their eagerness. For a 
very valuable dog, belonging to a gentleman in 
Kent, affected with fits whenever he hunted, I 
recommended a removal into a country more 
plentifully supplied with game than his neigh 
borhood yfforded ; the consequence of which 
was, that though, for a few days after his re- 
moval, he had more frequent fits than ever, yet 
they gradually lessened, and at length wholly 
left him. Some dogs, however, who exercise 
much, have fits merely from the repletion of 
the head : in this case bleeding, an occasional 
purgative, with a seton worn some time in the 
neck, prov^es useful : and, whenever fits have 
become habitual, a seton should be applied, and 
kept in some months. Fear in irritable dogs 
produces fits, of which I have seen innumerable 
instances. 

A very distressing and dangerous kind of 
epileptic fits sometimes attacks bitches while 
suckling. In these cases it arises from the 
owners i3eing too anxious to rear several puppies, 
by which they burthen the mother beyond her 
powers: the consequence is an attack of con- 
vulsions, which too frequently destroys the an- 



866 APPENDIX. 

imal. Teething in j)iippies will sometimes pro- 
duce fits ; but some sportsmen, aware of this, 
fall into another extreme, and consider all the 
fits of young dogs to originate from this cause : 
when by far the greater number of these attacks 
are the effect of worms, or the precursors of 
distemper. 

The fits that are the consequence of distem- 
pei*, may be usually discovered by the other at- 
tendant symptoms : sometimes, however, a fit 
is the very first symptom, in which case it is 
remarkable, that the fit augurs nothing unfa- 
vourable : but when a fit comes on some time 
after distemper has made its appearance, the 
animal seldom recovers. The convulsions ac- 
companying distemper are more frequent in 
winter than in summer, which shows that 
warmth is one of the best preventives against 
these attacks. The convulsion most usually 
present in distemper begin in the head, and first 
attacks tlie muscles of the face and jaws, pro- 
ducing a quick cliamping of the mouth, with a 
flow of frothy saliva Ircmi the jaws: each suc- 
ceeding fit is usually stronger and more violent. 
Another form in which these fits make their 
a})pcarance in this disease, is, by a running 
round, with other violent contortions of the 



APPENDIX. BG7 

whole body. In other instances, there is uni- 
versal and continued spasm of the whole of the 
external muscles, very much resembling St. 
Yitus's dance. All these varieties are some- 
times blended, or degenerate into each other. 

The idiopathic epilepsy, or those fits which 
ai)i)ear habitual, and not dependent on any tem- 
porary cause, as costiveness, distemper, &c., are, 
in general, very difficult of cure. In dogs of 
very full habit, bleeding, emetics, and an occa- 
sional purge, should all be premised. In others, 
the following medicines may be at once pro- 
ceeded on : — 

Calomel 12 grains 

Powertnl foxglove 12 griiina 

Powered misletoe 2 drams. 

Mix, and divide into nine, twelve, or fifteen 
parcels, according to the size of the dog, and 
and give one every morning. After these have 
been fully tried, in case the attacks do not relax, 

try the following : — 

Lunar caustic, finely powdered 2 grains. 

Si)iders' web, called cobweb 5 grains 

Conserve of roses 
sufficient to make nine, twelve, or fifteen bales, 
according to the size of the dog; of which give 
one everv morning. 



868 APPENDIX. ^ 

FEACTUEES. 

The limbs of dogs are very liable to become 
fractured ; but irritability of the constitution is 
so much less in these animals than in ourselves, 
that they sutler comparatively but little on these 
occasions ; and the parts soon reinstate th.em- 
selves, even without assistance, though in such 
cases the limb in general remains crooked. 
The thigh is a very common subject of fracture ; 
and though it appears a most serious bone to 
break, yet it is one that, with a little assistance 
Commonly unites straight, and forms a good 
limb. When a fracture has happened to the 
thighi in case the violence has injured the fleshy 
parts also, so as to produce tension, heat, and 
inflamation, foment with vinegar and water till 
the swelling is reduced. When this is effected, 
apply a plaster of pitch or other adhesive mat- 
ter, spread on moderately firm leather, sufficient- 
ly large to cover the outside of the thigh, and 
to double a little over the inside of it also. 
Then attach a long splent upon this, wliich 
should reach from the toes, to an inch or two 
above the back, and will steady the limb veiy 
much. This splent must be kept in its situation 
by a long bandage carefully wound round the 



APPENDIX. 869 

limb, beginning at the toes, and continuing it 
up the thigh ; vvlien it must be crossed over the 
back, coniinued down around the other thigh, 
and then fastened. This would, however, slip 
over the tail, without other assistance; for 
which reason it must be kept in its place by 
means of another slip passed round the neck 
and along the back. 

Fractures of the shoulder should be treated in 
a similar manner. 

In fi'actures o^ fore and liind legs^ very great 
care is necessary to ensui'e a straight union. 
As soon as the inflammation and swelling will 
admit of it (sometimes there is little or none 
from the first), apply an adhesive plaster neatly 
and firmly around the part; then fill up the 
inequalities by tow or lint, so that the limb 
shall appear of one size throughout, otherwise 
the points of the joints will be irritable and 
made sore by the pressure of the splents. Af- 
ter this has been done, apply two. three, or four, 
splents of thin pliable wood before, behind, and 
on each side of the limb, and secure them in 
their places by flannel bandage. In all fractures, 
gi-eat caution must be observed not to tighten 
the part, by either the plaster or bandage, so as 
to bring on swelling; for, when this has been 



370 APPENDIX. 

clone, mortification has followed. In fractures 
of the fore-legs, a sappoi-ting bandage, with side 
sjDlants, should be kept on a longer time than 
is necessary for frnctues of the hinder ones. 
If this precaution is not obseived, the leg is apt 
to become gradually crooked, after the apparatus 
is removed. 

In cases of compound fracture, that is, where 
there is an open wound, which penetrates to the 
divided bones: the same means must be pur- 
sued as are practised in the human subject. Ir- 
ritating pointed portions must be sawed off; 
the ]oos3 ones should be removed; and every 
means must be used to close the wound as early 
as possible: during which process, the bones 
should be kept in contact with each other, and 
supported by soft bandages ; until the cicatriza- 
tion of the wound will allow of proper splents 
and tighter bandaging. 

It likewise not unfrequently happens, that a 
compound fracture, or even a simple one, when 
neglected,, becomes united by a soft union ; that 
is, instead of the callus interposed between the 
divided ends being bon}^, it proves cartilaginous 
only. In such a case the fractured limb never 
becomes firm; but, on the contrary, when ex- 
amined, an obscure motion may be felt, like an 



APPENDIX. 371 

imperfect joint, whicli utterly precludes any 
strength in the limb. I have frequently been 
consulted on these cases, all of which originated 
in the neglect of a proper treatment at first. 

As a remedy for the evil, one of two practices 
must be pursued. We sb.ould either open the 
skin opposite the fracture, and, laying bare the 
bone, should remove the soft portion interposed, 
with a fine saw, treating the case afterwards as 
a compound fracture. Or we should insert a 
seton exactly through the soft cartilaginous por- 
tion, and keep it in ten days or a fortnight. 
After this time it may be removed, the wound 
closed, and the part treated as a simple fracture. 
Either of these plans will usually prove suc- 
cessful, and firmly consolidate the limb ; but, 
when there is no lapping over of the ends of 
the bones, the latter is the most mild and con- 
venient, and equally certain of success. 



372 APPENCIX. 



AGE OF DOGS. 

Dogs do not, as horses, present any exact cri- 
terion of their age ; nevertheless, attention to 
the following points will materially assist us in 
determining the matter. 

At about four years, the front teeth lose their 
points, and each cf them preasnts a flattened 
sui'face, which increases as tb.e age advances; 
they likewise become less white, and more un- 
even. The front teeth suffer earlier than the 
others, and in dogs fed much on bones, or in 
those who fetch and carry, as it is called, they 
are very commonly broken out, while the dog 
is yet young. The holders, or tushes, are also 
blunted by the same causes. At seven or eight, 
the hair about the eyes becomes slightly grey. 
Gradually, likewise, a greyish tint extends over 
the face ; but it is not till ten, eleven, or twelve 
years, that the eyes lose their lustre : when they 
become dim, the dog generally breaks fast 
though some last fifteen, sixteen, or seventeen 
years ; and I have seen a mother and son vig- 
orous at twenty and twenty one years old. 
Such instances as the latter must, ho\vever, be 
considered as rare. 



APPENDIX. 



373 



In liis native state, perhaps, the dog seldom 
attains to more than fifteen or sixteeen years, 
while such as live in confinement and luxury, 
accordino; to the dei^ree of their artificial habits, 
become old at twelve or thirteen. Now and 
then an extraordinary exception occurs: the 
oldest I ever knew had reached his twenty -fourth 
year, and, at the time I saw him, was still vig- 
orous and lively, and neither lame, nor blind, 
nor deaf. I am not aware that much difference 
exists between the various breeds, as to the age 
they arrive at Spaniels I, however, think 
rather long-lived ; while terriers, on the contrary, 
I have seldom observed very old. 




374 APPENDIX, 

Gravel. — Dogs have stone it is certain; 
that they therefore have gravel also, it is natu- 
ral to suppose, though it is not always easy to 
detect it. I have, however, seen the complaint 
sufficiently well marked. From ten to twenty 
drops of oil of turpentine, or twice the quantity 
of spirits of nitre, twice a day, with a few drops 
of laudanum added to either in case of much 
pain, will form the best means of relief. 



nuSK. — This is the popular term in some 
countries for distemper ; it is also in some oth- 
ers the common name for any cough a dog may 
have. In Ireland it very commonly implies 
distemper. 



Warts in Dogs. — It is not uncommon for 
dogs to be troubled with warts on some parts 
of the body ; the most frequent of which are 
the lips, the penis, and the prepuce. These ex- 
crecences may be cither cut off, or, when they 
exist in clusters, they may be sprinkled with 
equal parts of crude sal ammoniac and pow- 
dered savine ; "which commonly eliects their re- 
moval. 



APPE^'DTX. 377 

PULSE. 

From the greater irritability of lesser animals, 
and the extreme quickness of their circulation, 
the motions oi* the heart ami arteries, do not pre- 
sent such exact criteria of health and disc cse, as 
they do in the horse and other large annuals. 
In cases of very great affection, the action of 
tlie heart, and the pulsations of the larger arte- 
ries, may, however, be felt with propriety, and 
will serve as some guide to ascertain the degree 
of disease. The pulsations will not only be in- 
creased in quickness, but will present a vibra- 
tory feel in violent inflammatory affections. In 
inflammations of the lungs they will be very 
quick and small, but will increase in fulness as 
the blood flows during bleeding. Something 
like the same will occur, but not in an equal 
degree, in inflammations of the stomach and 
bowels also. As the pulsatory motions, there- 
fore, are not so distinct in the dog as they are 
in larger animals; so, in general, the state of 
the breathing, which, in most cases, is regulated 
by the circulation, may be principally attended 
to as a mark of greater or less inflammatorj^ 
action. When a dog, therefore, pants violently, 
his circulation, or in other words his pulse, may 
be considered as quickened. 



APPENDIX. 



379 




'^^i^ls^'^ 



HYDROPHOBIA— THE SPITZ. 

This is the most important subject at present 
before the public, and is discussed pro and con 
by both the learned and unlearned. There are 
many deaths charged to the bite of the Spitz, 
who is accused of being a snappish d^^g, and 
over fond of using his teeth. But the Spitz has 
his friends, and will not be made a scape-goat- 
of for all the other dogs. Fortunately for him, 
mof=t of the recent cases of hydrophobia have 
been caused by the bite of dogs of another 
species. His enemies retort, that this does not 
clear the Spitz from being the cause, as the cur 
may have been inoculated with the poison, by 
the bite of a Spitz. 

Ex -Surgeon General of the Arm}-, Dr. Wm. 
A. Hammond, who is regarded as one of the 
most eminent authorities on nervous diseases in 
this country, gives his views on hydrophobia, 



380 APPENDIX. 

which is now conceded to be a nervous disease. 
The Doctor concurs in the dangerous nature of 
the Spitz dog, and considers theory of the harm- 
lessness of the Spitz absurd. 

He says Spitz clogs are more prone to excite 
hydrophobia in the human system than any 
other breed of dogs li3 knows of, and pronoun- 
ces the Spitz a cross between the Pommeranian 
hound and the Arctic fox. All hybrids are bad. 
While the blending of varieties is good, that of 
genera is accompanied with evil results. The 
disease can only be communicated by the saliva 
or by a wound, and not by the injection of the 
blood of the hydrophobic animal. The saliva 
is the only poisonous part of animals. The, 
Saliva of the rattlesnake will kill you, and yet 
you can eat the rattlesnake. 

Until more comprehensive investigation set- 
tles the question, we are justified in assuming 
from our present experience that the saliva of 
the Spitz dog is more uniformly poisonous than 
that of any other dog, and experience teaches 
that the saliva of a dog not suffering from rabies 
may be poisonous under certain conditions — 
when the dog is in a state of anger or fury or 
merely in a condition of excitement. 

Dr. Hammond says the Spitz is absolutely of 



APPENDIX. B81 

no use, and in a matter involving precious lives, 
it is better to be on the safe side. 2sotbing 
would be lost by exterminating the Spitz. 

A dog- perfectly healthy, says Dr. Hammond, 
or at least freo fn^ra rabies, may produce the 
disease by his bite through liis saliva. In the 
case of McCormick the dog was exhibited to 
the Nenrological Socie'ty more than a month 
after the bite, and as hydrophobia runs its course 
in seven or eight days, and as the clog invariably 
die.-., he either could notliave had it or he could 
not have been the dog in question: remendjcr, 
it takes a wound to produce death. You nnght 
swallow the saliva and it would not kill you 
unless you had, perhaps, an abrasion on your 
lip. The saliva is only poisonous when com- 
municated through a wound. You get lockjaw, 
or tetanus, from a simple wound, and hydro- 
phobia seems to be tetanus plus a group of other 
symptoms. 

We can recognize the origin and symptoms 
of hydrophobia as we can those of scarlet fever 
or measles. To this day no one has discovered 
the primal origin of scarlet fever. We know 
that we cannot cure hydrophobia. Remember 
that there never has been a cure on record. It 
is necessary not to confound the prevention with 



382 APPENDIX. 

the cure. There are a great many people who 
claim to liave invented cures for hydrophobia, 
but they mean cures after the bite and before 
the poison has been developed. This is an easy 
matter, but no care has as yet been effected af- 
ter the poison ( which lies donnant in the sys- 
tem a few weeks, and sometimes even several 
'.nonths, and even several _years)lias been de- 
veloped. In the early part of last fall a distin- 
guished officer of the army came to me, who 
had been bitten by a dog, manifestly hydropho- 
bic. I cauterized the wound with a red hot 
iron, and I regard him as })erfectly safe. 

Dr. Hammond seems to be well sustained in 
his assertion that there is no cure for hydropho- 
bia after it has permeated the system, but pre- 
vention is tried with a great deal of faith- 
Nevertheless in almost every case of hydropho- 
bia that has occurred of late, the parts bitten 
had been cauterized. But whether with hot 
iron, as Dr. Hammond recommends, or with 
caustic, we are unable to say. Any other pre- 
ventative will be eagerly sought after by the 
public. Dr. Blaine, (formerly Blaine &Youatt, 
tlie celebrated Veterinary Surgeons,) recom- 
mended excising the wound. Immediate exci- 
sion or cauterization was not considered abso- 



APPENDIX. 383 

lutcly necessary, although the sooner the better. 
I)i-. BLaine also used an internal remedy, in 
wliich he had great faith, having administered 
it several hundred times, with less than a dozen 
failures of immunity. In all cases of failure, 
the hites were on the head. 

Where a human life was at stake, he also cut 
out the bitten part, unless the patient strongly 
objected to the severe treatment Below will 
be f )und the formula for Dr. Blaine's preventa- 
tive. 

" Take of the fresh leaves of the Tree Box, 
2 ounces, fresh leaves of Rue, 2 ounces. Sage 
half an ounce, chop finely, boil in pint of water 
till reduced to half a pint ; strain and press out 
the liquor. Beat in a mortar, or otherwise thor- 
oughly bruise, and boil in pint of new milk, to 
half a pint, which press out as before. Both 
fluids to be mixed, and divided into three doses, 
and taken, one every morning on a empty 
stomach. Double this quantity would be re- 
quired f )r a horse ; one third for a small dog, 
and half to two thirds for a large one, or other 
small animals. It is undoubtedly a hard dose 
to take and retain, and would never become 
"popular," unless there was unbounded faith 



384 APPENDIX. 

that it was the onlj reinedj against the dreaded 
and fatal disease. 

Some 3' ears since, it was stated tliat steam 
batli was a remedy for li^'dropliobia, and Lad 
Ijccii used with success. But, like many other 
remedies, it was found not to be infallible. It 
is again recommended with great co ifidence, 
as an auxiliary in preventing and curing. Hy- 
drophobia, it is said by some, is located in the 
stomach, and the treaunent should be that which 
has a tendency to throw the foul matter from 
it. A course of Thomsonion treatment is re- 
commended for this. No. 6 and skullcap, steeped 
in milk, and in cases where symptoms of hydro- 
phobia are shown, and fluids can not be admin- 
istered, enemas of lobelia and valerian are to be 
administered, which will cause the foul matter 
to be thrown from the stomach, relax tlie mus- 
cles and relieve from spasms. This treatment, 
v/ith steam baths, must be followed for several 
weeks. For a week or two daily, and two or 
three times a week afterwards. 

Only experience can prove tbo cfi&cacy of this 
as a remedy. But, as the most skilled physi- 
cians make no pretensions to a remedy when 
once attacked, and only cauterization as a pre- 
ventativCj nothing is risked in resorting to this 



APPENDIX. 



385 



course of treatment possibly it may lead to 
happy results. 

It is well to always avoi<l dogs or cats, wliicli 
act strangely, or endeavor to conceal themself 
in dark or secluded corners. That is a sign of 
illness in almost every species of the brute crea- 
ture. Guarding against bites of the Spitz and 
diseased dogs of all descriptions, is certainly 
the best preventative. 





THE KEV. MR. MACDONNA, WITH HIS DOG " MIINOO." 




(iUKEN VICTORIA'S DEER-HOUNDS, 




"ROVEH":' 



38 APPENDIX 




JOHN ilATTUKWd'd " UUKK," 

THE GREAT BENCH SHOW 

Was lield in the Hippodrome, which had been 
fitted up expressly for the purpose. Stalls were 
erected around the capacious arena for the 
accommodation of the dogs; but the entries 
were so much in excess of the calculations that 
extra stalls were built, at the last moment, inside 
the arena. There were also two rings into 
which the several classes of dogs were taken to 
be judged. 

The show opened Tuesday, May 8th. As 
early as ten o'ciock Monday the dogs began to 
arrive. They came by all sorts of conveyances. 
Some were packed in huge coops marked " with 
care," others were led by stout iron chains, and 
still others were carried in baskets or in the 
arms of their owners. Among those bringing 
their pets for exhibition were many elegantly 



APPENDIX. 389 

dressed ladies. Crowds of men and boys sur- 
rounded the entrance. Some of the dogs were 
disposed to be quarrelsome, especially the big 
fellows, and many times the crowd scattered 
with ludicrous haste at the unexpected growl of 
some ferocious-looking brute. Tliere was danger 
from some of them, too, for their owners took 
great care to keep them at a safe distance from 
the legs of imprudent bystanders. Not a few 
had great difficulty in holding the powerful 
animals in. Other dogs were quiet and friendly, 
but not less annoying to their masters by plung- 
ing about and entangling their chains in seem- 
ingly inextricable confusion. 

The spectacle inside the arena, when every 
thing was in readiness, was very attractive. 
There were over eleven hundied entries of all 
classes, from the huge Siberian blooddiound) 
the magnificent St. Bernard dog, the Newfound- 
land and the mastiff, down to the most delicate 
toy dogs. To the latter were devoted several 
stands in the centre of the arena, and this was 
one of the most attractive spots in the show. 
The little things were rigged up with ribbons, 
mats, cushions, bells, and lace collars, in the 
most dainty style. Two large pups with lace 
collars were very amusing. Othei'S were the 



:^_i 



890 APPENDIX. 

occupants of a number of maboganv-framed 
glass cases. One of these, a tiny mite of a 
thing, with long silken hair, bore the ferocious 
name of "Danger." There were also three 
beautiful Italian grejLouncl puppies, five delicate 
Japanese puppies, and six little white balls 
nestling under their Blenheim spaniel mother. 

The principal attendance was during the even- 
ings, when the building was crowded to its full 
capacity. Tliere were quite as many ladies as 
gentlemen present, and they seemed to take 
quite as much interest in the dogs. The only ' 
drawback to the enjoyment of the show was the 
dreadful howling that tilled the building and at 
times almost prevented conversation. Mr, 
Bergh's speech on Tuesday evening was in- 
audible six feet from where he stood. The 
larger dogs were, as a rule, dignified and quiet ; 
but the petted darlings of the drawing-room 
expressed their anguish over their im.prisonment 
and loss of home luxuries in tones that must 
have pierced the very hearts of their fair own- 
ers. 

The show was in every sense a great success, 
and will probably prove to be the first of a long 
series of such exhibitions. It was held under 
the auspices of the Westminster Kennel Club, 



APPENDIX. 391 

and for a first enterprise of the kind, the man. 
agement was noticeably free from annoj-ances 
and mistakes. It lasted four days, and every 
one who visited it was delighted and entertain- 
ed. But if the question of holding another 
bench show were left to the dogs, it would 
doubtless be rejected by a large majority. 




MK. JONES'S SIBERIAN BLOODHOUND " BRUNO." 



392 APPENDIX 



THE BONES OF THE CANINE SKELETON. 

The tirst poi'tion of the skeleton which claims our ;itten- 
tioii is the skull. The shape of this extremity is fumiliar to 
every one, and differs in the various breeds, being more 
elongated in the greyhound, for instance, than in the Bull- 
dog or Newfoundland, where it forms a well-rounded dome, 
witii a wide cranial cavity, or brain-pan. All that it is 
necessary for the reader to note is — 

The General Configuration of the Skull and its different 
shapes according to breed, bearing in mind that nearly all 
the breeds are well developed as reganls brain-pan. 

The Nasal Bone, well developed in the dog. 

The Occipital Bone, also well developed. This portion of 
the dog's head is called the occiput. 

The Orbital Cavity of the E;je. 

The Superior Maxilla, or upper jaw. 

The Inferior Maxilla, or lower jaw. The teelli of the 
two jaws in the majority of breeds ouuht to meet evenly in 
front; in other breeds, as the Bull, the King Charles', &c., 
the under jaw projects more or less. 

The Teeth. ~\]i\\\\\.e the c:it, who has to be content with 
thirty teeth, the dog is liberally supplied with tliese useful 
weapons, having, when full-grown, forty-two— viz., 12 
incisors, 4 canine or tusks, and 2G molars; 20 teeth in the 
uPper, and 22 in the lower jaw. 

Dogs begin to get their tirst or milk teeth at a month old, 
and tlie permanent teeth ought to be all perfect when the 
animal is six and a half months old. 

The Temporal Bone, more prominent in some dogs than 
in others. 

We next come to the Vertel)ral Column. This column or 
s!)ine is designed by Nature for the i)rotectioii of the ner- 
vous spinal column, a continiuitiou of the brain matter. 



APPENDIX. 393 

From this columr) norvps escape by foramina tlirougb the 
vertebrae, to be distributed to ail tlie various organs, mus- 
cles, and bones of tlie body. Tlie vertebral coliinni is also 
a support to the limbs and the whole osseous system. The 
spine is comi)03ed of small round perforated bones called 
vertebrae, beautifully hinged together. They are divided 
into— 

. Tiie Seven Cervical Vertebrce, corresponding to the neck 
of the animal. 

Tide Thirteen Dorsal Vertebrce— W\c back. 

Tlie Seven Lumbar Vertebi^oi — the loin. 

The Three Sacral Vertebrce, forming a portion of the 
pelvis, and 

The Caudal Vertebrce, forming the bones of the tail, or 
stern, and numbering (if left alone) from 16 to 21. 

The OS innominatum is the principal bone of the pel- 
vis. Hinged to this by a ball and socket joint is 

The Femur— \.\\Q thigh-bone- a long, sturdy, and strong 
bone, jointed by its lower extremity to three bones, namely— 

TXiQ Patella, or knee-pan; and 

The Tibia, which gives its chief support to the patella, 
and is the principal bone of the leg or hock, is, like the 
femur, a long, strong bone, but diflerently shaped. The 
other bone of the leg is 

The Fibula, a much more slender ))one, situated on the 
outer portion of the tibia, and joined to that bone by a 
strong fibrous tissue. 

Tiie Bones of the Hock Joint. 

The Foot Proper, commencing at the hock joint, com- 
prises the calcaneus or heel-bone — the asfra;/alus, the 
schaphoid, three cuneiform bones; five metatarsal bones — 
the longest bones in the foot ( one of these metatarsals is 



89J: APPENDIX. 

only rudimentary ); and the first, second, and third pha- 
langes, ending in the nails. 

The ribs of the dog are in number tliirteen at each side. 
Tiiey are articulated to the vertebrae above and partly to tlie 
sternum, or to each other beneath. The ribs of nearly all 
classes of well-bred dogs ought to be well sprung. 

The Sternum, or breast-bone, is a tiattish or scimitar- 
shaped bone, composed of several pieces joined together, 
and lying underneath the ribs, at the lower iiortion of the 
chest. It needs little further descrijjtion here. 

The shoulder in the dog is composed of two bones, the 
Clavicle and the Scjtpula. The former of these barely 
needs mention, so unimportant and rudimentary is it. 

The Scapula or shoulder-blade is a much more important 
bone. It is flat, broad, and moderately strong, especi;illy 
towards its lower portion, where it articulates with the 
humerus. Its shape can be seen from a glance at the illus- 
tration. In most dogs, especially sporting dogs, this lione 
should slope well backwards. On the outer surface a strong 
bony ridge descends for the attachment of the muscles. 

The Humerus is the one single bone of the arm. It is a 
long l)one, very strong, and somewhat bent or curved. 

The bones of llio forearms are two, namely — 

The Radius, and 

The Ulna. In the human being the radius is much the 
stronger bone, and the two lie parallel. In tiie dog the two 
bones are about equal in size, the ulna being thicker at its 
upper jwrtion, and the radius stronger at its lower. Again, 
the bones are not i)erfactly parallel, but slightly, or in a very 
small degree, i)OSitioned like a St. Andrew's cross. These 
two l)ones are hinged to each other at the upper and lower 
surfaces. 

From the lower i)ortion of these two bones the forefoot 
proper connnences, comprising the following bones, viz. — 



APPENDIX. 



8<)5 



Seven caqial Inmes. coiTespoiidiiig- (o tlic huninn wrist- 
Ijoiie^, five iia(>t;icariniS ))oit(«, correspomling to the bones 
joiiiiiig tlie wrist to the lingers in tiie liuiiuui euliject (the 
bones that are iu the back of the liaad), ami the tive digits 
or fingers, wliich iu the dog are analogous to those of the 
liuniaii skeleloij. E:ich digit is composed of three columnar 
Ijones. Lastly, they are united at their extremities to the 
nails, which n,row therefroiu. 




TBE OKLT ESQUIMAUX IN THE SUiiM, 



396 appejstdix. 



GLOSSARY OF WORDS USED BY THE FANCY. 

Applmieaded.— A term used to designate the peculiar 
rouiidiufs of Uie l)l;ick-anil-tan Toy Terrier. This louiid- 
uess is considered ;i i)oint of lieauty by some judj^'es. 

Beltons ( Blue and Lemon ).— Tlie spotted or fleclved 
Laverack Setter. 

Babbler. — A dog tliat gives too much tonorne wlien 
working. Generally applied to tliose Spaniels which ought 
to be mate. 

Broody. —A broody bitch— one tiiat, from its length unci 
conformation, gives evidence of being a likely mother. 

Blood. — A blood — u dog with every appearance of high 
breeding. 

Brisket. — The chest— of a Setter, for instance. 

Blazk. — The white line up the face of some breeds, such 
as the St. Bernard, Scotch Collie, or Blenliemi. 

Button-ear. — A term used to deline the peculiar shai)e of 
some Bulldogs' ears. 

Braque.— A German name given to a D.ihshund of un- 
usual size. 

Cat-footed. — Having a foot like a cat — the orthodox foot 
for Greyhounds and nearly all other doas. 

Cobby. — An expression used in describing some Fox Ter- 
riers, with reference to their symmetry and well-knit appear- 
ance. 

Condition.— A dog's being in condition means that he is 
in a stile of perfect health: just enough Ilesh, and no more, 
and his coat in excellent oiiler. 

Character. — When a dog shows character, he sliows in 
a marked manner the points of the breed to which he be- 
longs. 

Crest.— The upper ridge or portion of a dog's neck. 
Generally applied to sporting dogs, as the Setter. 

Comb Fiunce. — The beautiful straight fringe of feather 
that droops from the tail of a Setter. 

Dewlap. — That ()ortion of loose skin that liangs from the 
throat of some dogs, as the Bloodhound and Bulldog. 

Dewclaw. — An extra claw found on the inside of the 
lower portion of the hind leg of many <lous. especially the 
St. Beriianl. where it is admissil)le. In the Newfoniidlanil 
it is not, but it is often seen on the Scotcli Collie. It is us- 



APPENDIX. 397 

imlly cut off \\1ion fonnd in puppit'S wiiero its presence would 
liOtVnliaiice, or wouM spoil llieiii for sliow purposes. 

Faking. - IntiulVriii;-: wiLli a do2;'s natural ai)pearance for 
the sai<e of liidiui;- lielWts. as dyeinu' a Retrievers breast, if 
wliite: or pullinn- l!ie fluii-, if any, from a curly-coated Re- 
triever's tail. --A Vivke "' is tlie deed done. 

Flews.- nie cliaps or hauging lips of a dog, as the 
Bliiodliouud. 

Fkill.— Tlie beautiful half-crescentic mass of feather un- 
der a Scotch Collie's throat. 

Flag.— A term applied to the drooping feather on some 
do-s' tails, as that of tlie flat-coated Retriever. 

Fr.ATiiER.— A word used to describe the long hair and 
locks in a dog's coat, and the coat of long-haired dogs geu- 

er.dly. , , , ^ 

FiDDLE-TiEADED.— A Very expressive term, used to define 
the lantern jaws of some big badl\-l>red Mastitis. 

Felted. — When the lonii; feather of a Collie or Retriever 
gets matted into masses that bi<l defiance to anyllnng short 
of scissors, it is said to l)e •• felted," a condition which is a 
disgrace to the dog's owner. 

Fixed.- Means astonished. Judges are hxed by some 
particularly and rarely bred dogs. 

Hare-foot. — Svnonymous with spoon-foot: detming tlie 
shape of foot soiiie dogs have, as the Pug, which has the 
toes well split up, as in the hare. „ , ., , 

Hover. -The i)ed or nesn of the otter, generally built of 
strau' or stubble, withered urass, and weeds, in a hollow of 
bank or rock bv the river-side. 

Haw.— The reddish portion of the inner eyelid of the dog, 
shown in the Otterhound. Bloodhound, and St. Bernard. 

KissiNG-sPOTS. -The si)()ls on the cheeks of some Toys and 
others; as the mole on the cheek of the Pug. 

Landseer.— A name given l)y the autlior. and nowgener- 
allv ad.ipted, to the gre^it white-and-black Newfoundland, 
wliich the immortal painter so loved to portray. 

LiPPY.— Applied to hamiing lips of some dogs where 
han-mg lips should not exist, as in the Bull Terrier. 

Lengthy. -Possessing length of body, as the Newfound- 
land ougl.t to do. A Skyeis long, a Newfoundland or St. 
Bernard lengthy. , ■, , 

Leather.— The skin. Especially applied to the dog s ear. 



398 APPENDIX. 

Lady Pack. — Hormds are usually hnnteil In packs all of 
one sex. The bitelies are called ibe " lady pack."' 

Level. — A teiiH used to describe some Fox-teiTitr.3. A 
(lo.iis teeth are 8aid to 1 )e level >vheii the jaws are neither 
overiiung- nor underhung. You caunot put youriiail behind 
u tooth when the luouth is closed. 

Leggy. — Haviui;' the legs too iou2: in proportion to the 
botlj'. "Shaped like a iiiitkiug-stool," (Idstoiie). 

Mane. — The feather which is massed on the slionUlers of 
the Collie and Newfoundland. That on the breast of the 
Blenheim is also called the " maue,'' which is quite a snb- 
versiou of tlie term. 

Massivenf.ss. — A term applied to the body of a £:ood New- 
foundland or St. Cernavd, and descriptive of the solidity of 
Iranie. 

Pasterns. — The antles. 

Pig-jawed. - Havluii- jaws in the formation of a pig. Ap- 
plied to Setters when the apper jaw protnules. 

Peaked. —A word used to define the formation of some 
dogs"^ crauiunis, as that of the Blooiihound and Irish Setter. 

PiLEY. — Applied to tlie coats of some dogs, as the Dandle- 
siguifyiiig that the coat is a mixture of hai-dish and sol^ 
hair. 

Pencilled Toes.— The toes of a well-bred black-and-tan 
Terrier are "pencilled,'' or marked with black apon tke 
upper or convex portion. A point of beauty. 

PiNWiRE. — Descriptive of the coals of seme Terriers. 

Quality. — A term difficult to traHSlate. It siu.nities tha£ 
mixture of blood and breediiiess that you see in majiy good 
dogs, notably si)orting dogs. It is seen m shape, and coat, 
:,nd eye. and delicacy of form. &c. 

Ring-tailed. The word tells its own tale. It is seen in 
the tails of some Deeriiouiids. 

RosE-EAK. — Another form of ear of Balldog. Tliis ear 
'•folds at the back, and the tip laps over outwanls. showing 
part of the inside," ( Idstone). 

Stern.— The tail. Mostly used in sporting jparlmnce,. 

Stifle.— The joint next, the bnttock. 

Sto(-ky. — A bitch is called stocky when she looks r.s if 
she could throw good pups and be a good mother. 

Stop. — Tlie hollow or indentation between the eyes of some 
breeds, as the Balldog, the King Charles, kc. 

Sting. — A dog's tail is sliug-Uke when it is broad i;l the 



APPENDIX. 399 

base :ind t'.ipers to a fine iH>iut, as in the well-bred Pointer. 
Slut.— li lie li, uv ludynlog. Not ofseu used. 
tiNiPEi. — A dog's uiuzzte, wbeii touj^ iiuiTuw, uud peaked, 

is so deaisjiatecL 

y.NAPooG, or Whippet.— A kind of sroall GreyhonrnT, nawJ 
ill ;ioiue countries for rublnt-coursiui;'. 

SciMiTAK, or iS-ABPJi Cl'bve.— Words iised to deliue the 
correct carriage iu the tuil of Vlie Setter. 

Thkoatisess. — Loos<^iiess of the skin of tlie throat, or 
dewlap. Quite connect in the Bulldog atid Duclishuud, foe 
example, but iiitolerabie in tlie Pointer, 

Tongue.— Equivalent to voice. 

Tuup-EAB.— Partly prickecL and droopino; at the tip. 

Thumb-jiabk. — An oiiliquely-sluiped bkick mark crojs^rrg 
the foot of a well-bred BLacU-aud-tau aljove tlie toe?. 

TiGHT-uppEi>. — Haviug uo flew; a& in the lighting Balt- 
and-terrier Dog. 

Weedy.— A very exi^ressive word, as applied to a dog 
who looks teggy, tiuiiy ba,dly bred, aiid appareutly going to 
seed. 






400 APPENDIX. 




RULES AND REGULATIONS 

OF THE 

WESTMINSTER KENNEL CLUB. 

No dog belonging to tlie Westminster Kennel 
Club, or to any member thereof, will be entered 
for premium, although all will be on exhibition. 

This Bench Show will be held under the 
rules adopted by the National American Kennel 
Club, as 

Rule 1. Every person who wishes to exhibit 
at any show held under these Rules, must at 
the time of entry clearly identify by name and 
age ( if known ) the dog he intends to exhibit, 
and the name of the sire and dam ( if known ) 
must be given. If the name of a dog has been 
changed it is necessary in entering the said dog 
to give his old as well as his new name. 

Rule 2. If a dog shall be entered without 
being clearly identified as directed in Rule 1, 
he shall forfeit any prize that may have been 
awarded him, and if the omission be detected 
in time he shall not be allowed to compete, and 



APPENDIX. 401 

shall forfeit all entrance fees and subscriptions. 

Rule 3. The committee or authorities of 
any show held under the Kennel Club RuUs, 
may reserve to themselves the right to exclude 
any dog or dogs belonging to any person who 
has been proved, to the satisfaction of the com- 
mittee of the Club, to have misconducted him- 
self, in any way, iu connection with dogs, dog- 
shows or dog-trials. 

Rule 4. Ko dog shall be qualified to com- 
pete, or entitled to receive a prize, it awarded, 
who is suffering from mange, or any other form 
of contagious disease. 

Rule 5. A person, duly qualified, appointed 
by the committee, shall decide whether a dog 
is, or is not, suffering from mange or any other 
contagious disease, and shall give his opinion 
immediately to the secretary, or committee of 
the show, in writing, and if found to be afflicted 
with any such disease, the dog shall be at once 
removed. 

Rule 6. A dog that has been exhibited or 
has won a prize iu a class exclusively for pup- 
pies under twelve months old, is not thereby 
excluded from being exhibited in a class where 
previous prize winners are not allowed to com- 
pete. 



402 APPENDIX. 

Rule 7. All imported clogs and their pro- 
geny on both sides ( but not the progeny of the 
latter) shall be entered in the imported class, 
and be debarred from entering in the native 
class ; but no native dog shall be debarred from 
entering in the imported class. 

EULE 8. Dogs are to be judged by the scale 
of points used at recent bench shows and copied 
from the Fanciers Gazette. 

In addition to the above, the following Rules 
and Regulations will be strictly enforced: 

1. — All judging will be done in public on a 
raised stand prepared for the purpose, and col- 
lars bearing owners' names will be removed or 
covered before the dogs are brought before* the 
judges. 

2. — An entry fee of $2 will be charged for 
each animal entered. The entry fee must in ail 
<'ases accompany the entry. Entries will be 
received until noon on Ajjril 25th, except in 
case of foreign exhibitors, who will be allowed 
until May 1st Dogs must be at the Madison 
Avenue entrance of the Garden by 8 o'clock on 
the morning of Tuesday, May 8th, but it is 
earnestly requested that when possible all dogs 
will be on hand on Monday, the 7th. The en- 
trance fee will include care and feed of dogfs. 



APPENDIX. 403 

3. — It is required that a juries bo named for 
each dog at the time of making the entry to be 
printed in the catalogue, at which price the dog- 
may be claimed ; the exhibitor, of course, hav- 
ing the option of naming a prohibitory price. 
A commission of 10 per cent, will be charged 
on all sales, and thj sam3 must be etfected 
through the Secretory or Superintendent. 

•1. — All entries must be made on blanks fur- 
nished by the Club, which can be had from the 
Suparintendent by addressing him at his office, 
No. 17 Ch itham Street, ( P. 0. Box 2832.) 

5. — The authorities wid use due diligence for 
the care and safety of all dogs exhibited (watch- 
men being on duty both night and day,) hw, it 
must be distinctly understood that they will not 
be responsible for loss of or damage to any dog 
exhibited, whether the result of accident or any 
other cause. 

6. — The pedigree of all dogs entered is de- 
sired, although not actually required, except iu 
case two dogs in same class should be so nearly 
equal that judges cannot agree which is the 
best. In such case if one has an authenticated 
pedigree and the other has not, the premium 
will be given to the dog with the pedigree. 

7. — The decision of judges will be final in 



f 



404 APPENDIX. 

all cases, unless misrepresentation or collusion 
can be shown — should this occur the Executive 
Committee will use their discretion in the matter. 
Allowance will be made for dogs that have been 
worked this season, and no deduction will be 
made for docked tails or ears. 

8. — Judges will be instructed to withhold the 
prizes offered in any class where there is no 
competition, uidess the animal exhibited pos- 
sesses suitable merit, in which case tlieir discre- 
tion shall govern the prize to be awarded, either 
first or second, and they will then be instructed 
to withhold prizes where the dogs do not come 
up to the proper standard of merit. 

9. — Exhibitors will be permitted to take home 
their dogs every evening after the show is closed 
upon leaving a deposit of Five Dollars with the 
check clerk and surrendering their entry tickets, 
both of which will be returned on the re-pro- 
dacing of the dog in the morning before 10 
o'clock. If prize winners should be taken out 
and not returned the prizes will be forfeited. 

10. — Exhibitors need not accompany their 
dogs. They can be sent direct to the exhibition 
hall, and direction cards, printed for this pur- 
pose, will be furnished by the secretary. All 
dogs will be promptly returned to their owners 



APPENDIX. 405 

at the close of tlie exhibition, or otherwise dis- 
posed of as they may direct. 

11. — The show will be open from 10 A. M. 
to 10 P. M. The judging will be done on the 
first day, and the ribbons will be attached to 
the stalls of the winners immediately therealtcr. 

12. — The prizes, which will be in gohl coin 
for the several classes except Cliampions, will 
be presented in public on the evening of May 
10th, at 9 P. M 

13. — Tlie term dog or bitch implies that the 
animal is over one year old. The age of it 
must be computed from, the date of birth up to 
the 8th of May. 

14. ^-Railwaij Arra ngemen is. — Arrangem en ts 
for the free transportation of dogs are in course 
of completion with all Kail way Companies cen- 
tering in New York, and will be duly an 
nounced. 

15. — The members of the Committee will be 
in constant attention, and especial attention will 
be given to the care of pet dogs. 

IB. — Judges will be instructed to give the 
awards of Highly commended and Commended 
where in their option it is warranted. 

17. — No dog will be received unless supplied 
with suita))le chain and collar. Bitches with 



406 



APPENDIX. 



pup and small pups weaned, will have suitable 
pens provided. Toy dogs will be furnished 
with suitable cages. 

18. — Exhibitors residing abroad may ship 
their dogs to the care of the Westminster Ken- 
nel Club. If ft)r sale, certificate from the 
American Consul at the port of shipment that 
they are exported for breeding purposes must 
accompany them. If to be returned, the Club 
will give a bond to the Custom House authori- 
ties. 





PRIDE OF ' 

PpiUprrce of the puvo T-avorark sottcr i\rts. "PiiiDE of thf, Bordku," as cnrefullv > 

l3rouRliar. Cottage, Whitchiircli. Shropshire. Eiisrlaml. liinmrtcrt in 1874, hy his present 

iuars. and is sire of Mr. Laverack's celelirated Stoek and Field Dosr. Tihi.p Prinne ; Mr. ^), 

Manclie.ster; Mr. Dicken's BIkp Dash, aud of many other highly valued Setters. \ I 

Fox Varm. Mor.KTfi Plains, N. J. I ' 



J 




A.»C3£'»rS.&c. 



"E BORDER. ^ „ T 

•ppted bv Mr Laverack, under date of March 31st, 1875. Bred in 1869. by Mr. Laverack, 
ner Mr ChLlern RaVmond. Pripe of the Border is a wMte dog, with liver mark- 
ry HollinSrand ro»^7Mr. Langsion's Blue Peter, prize winners at Birmingham and 

ii.E 2d \ (Dash 2d I 

ck, white & tan.) ( \ (blue mottled.) J 




if. 






NEEO, 

THE LARGEST DOG IN EUROPE. 

x^ero, the subject of the foregoing engraving, 
was first exhibited at the Crystal Palace Dog 
Show in 1871, in the open or keepers' class, 
and was there, without a moment's hesitation, 
awarded the first prize. lie was then about 
seven years old, and remarkable for his sym- 
metrical proportions, beautiful brown color, and 
enormous size ; of the latter some idea may be 
formed by stating that at that time he weighed 
nearly 165 pounds. It is extremely difficult to 
assign a distinctive name to this breed. Some 
incline to the belief that it is analogous to the 
southern hound ; by some it is styled Welsh 
mastiff, and by others a cross with ( with what 
not stated) the English bloodhound. The ques- 
tion of any suspicion of bloodhound is met by 
the dissimilarity of the ears which in the blood- 
hound are long, fine, and pendulous; whereas 
in this dog they are short and a little coarse, 
and, when excited, are slightly "priclced ;"' and 
whereas the bloodhound, as well as the mastiff, 
is well known to bo averse to water, this breed 
would almost live in it. It is not improbable 
that it is a descendant of the hounds used in 
the chase centuries since, when wolves were 
common in England, the keenness of their scent 
being very tine. 

The dog is the propei-ty of Mr. Howel W. 
Williams, of Swansea, Wales. 




BRUNO. 
N"unq-aani Dormio. 




BUTLER'S 
MANGE LINIMENT, 

AND 

FLEA EXTERMINATOR 

Is warranted a certain and speedj' cure for Mange, all 
sores, wounds, and diseases of tlie skin in horses and dogs; 
beautifying and restoring tlie hair. No dog will ever be 
trouliled witli fleas, where tliis is occasionally used. It im- 
nieiiiiitely allays all irritation of tlio skin, and its influence 
is almost magical in the reproduction of hair. No vermin 
cm exist in its presence, and no dog, however delicate, can 
bo injured by it. Warranted free from poison. 
Prwe 75 Cents 2)(!r Bottle. 

BUTLER'S INFALLIBLE EXTERNAL REMEDY, 

AND 

CAMP ANTIDOTE! 

Cures all external disorders or ailments — Wounds, Bruisca, 
Son's, Scalds, Burns, Venomous Bites, Eruptions, ami Dis- 
caSi'S of the Skin; annihilates instantaneously, all kinds of 
Vermin, is a perfect antidote and cure for Wosquito-Bites, 
nn extraordinary preventive against Infection, is unequalk-d 
fur the purification of the camp, the hospital, or the dwell- 
ing; is very eflicacious in Rheumatism, and matchless in 
l)romoting the growth of the Hair. Warranted free froin 
poison. Price One Dollar. 

Sold by D. S. HOLMES, 
Wholesale & Retail, 89 Fourth St., 
Drooklyn, E. D. r. 



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